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Tour de France 1998 : the real numbers of doping |
The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.
Teams | Riders | Pinned | Top 10 | Pinned | Podium | Pinned |
Deutsche Telekom | 9 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Festina Watches | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mercatone Uno-Bianchi | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mapei - Bricobi | 9 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Once | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rabobank | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Casino | 9 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Banesto | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gan | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lotto- Mobistar | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TVM- Farm Frites | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Saeco Macchine da Caffe- Cannondale | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
La Française des jeux | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cofidis- Le crédit par téléphone | 9 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Team Polti | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Asics-CGA | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vitalicio Seguros- Gruppo Generali | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kelme- Costa Blanca | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
US Postal Service | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Riso Scotti- MG Maglificio | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Big Mat | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 189 | 103 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 3 |
Pourcentage | 54% | 90% | 100% |
Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.
Other data :
Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (30/01/2008)
reports a rider who was sanctioned in a doping case
reports a rider pinned in our doping directory but who has not been sanctioned or whose we are not aware of the possible sanction
The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.
Rider | Product | Race | Year | Sanction | Control |
Barthe Stéphane | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Beltran Manuel | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Blijlevens Jeroen | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire | |
Brignoli Ermanno | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Brochard Laurent | EPO, amphétamines, nandrolone, hormones de croissance | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Aveux en 1998 |
Calcaterra Giuseppe | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Chanteur Pascal | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Cipollini Mario | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
De Jongh Steven | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Enquête judiciaire, aveux en 2012 | |
Desbiens Laurent | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Dufaux Laurent | EPO, Hydrocortisone, cortisone | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux en 1998 |
Durand Jacky | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Hamburger Bo | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale (2 x positif) |
Heppner Jens | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Hervé Pascal | Hématocrite = 52,6%, amphétamines, Cortisone | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Analyses sang, urine, cheveux |
Ivanov Sergueï | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire | |
Jalabert Laurent | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Julich Bobby | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Knaven Servais | Cortisone | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire |
Massi Rodolfo | Corticoïdes, hormones de croissance | Tour de France | 1998 | NSP* | Aveux en 1998 |
Massi Rodolfo | Détention de Corticoïdes, Caféine, etc. | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Flagrant délit |
Mazzoleni Eddy | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Meier Armin | EPO, Hormone de croissance | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Aveux en 1998 |
Meier Armin | EPO, amphétamines | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Analyses sang, urine, cheveux |
Meier Roland | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Merckx Axel | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Michaelsen Lars | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire | |
Minali Nicola | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Moncassin Frédéric | EPO, corticoïdes | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale et aveux en 2013 |
Moreau Christophe | Amphétamines, corticoïdes | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux |
O'Grady Stuart | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale et aveux en 2013 |
Olano Abraham | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Ouchakov Sergueï | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire | |
Pantani Marco | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Rous Didier | EPO, amphétamines, hydrocortisone, cortisone | Tour de France | 1998 | Oui | Analyses sang, urine, cheveux et aveux en 1998 |
Roux Laurent | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire | |
Sacchi Fabio | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Serrano Rodriguez Marcos-Antonio | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Steels Tom | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Stephens Neil | EPO, hydrocortisone, cortisone, HGH | Tour de France | 1998 | NSP* | Analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux en 1998 |
Tafi Andrea | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Turicchia Alain | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Ullrich Jan | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Van Petegem Peter | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire | |
Virenque Richard | EPO, cortisone | Tour de France | 1998 | NSP* | Analyses sang, urine, cheveux |
Voskamp Bertus | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Enquête judiciaire et aveux en 2014 | |
Zabel Erik | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Zanini Stefano | EPO | Tour de France | 1998 | Non | Commission d'enquête sénatoriale |
Zülle Alex | EPO, amphétamines, hormone de croissance | Tour de France | 1998 | NSP* | Aveux en 1998 |
* Sanction not known
The list of participants by team
23 years of existence, 48 cases, ie 2,09 per year
1. Ullrich Jan 1995 : aveux en 2023 (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (no penalty) ; 2002 : positive control ; 2005 : judicial investigation
2. Aldag Rolf 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
3. Bolts Udo 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
4. Frattini Francesco
5. Henn Christian 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control
6. Heppner Jens 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
7. Riis Bjarne 198x : confessions in 2010 (no penalty) ; 1993 : confessions in 2007 ; 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
8. Totschnig Georg 2005 : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
9. Zabel Erik 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1996 : confessions in 2007 and 2013 ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
12 years of existence, 31 cases, ie 2,58 per year
11. Virenque Richard 1994 : confessions in 2000 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair (sanction not known) ; 1999 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
12. Brochard Laurent 1991 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control
13. Dufaux Laurent 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions in 1998
14. Hervé Pascal 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 2000 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : positive control
15. Meier Armin 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair
16. Moreau Christophe 1996 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions (no penalty) ; 2008 : medical control
17. Rous Didier 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux et aveux en 1998
18. Stephens Neil 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux en 1998 (sanction not known)
19. Zülle Alex 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
7 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 2,71 per year
21. Pantani Marco 1993 : medical control (sanction not known) ; 1995 : medical control + poursuites judiciaires ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2001 : in the act
22. Barbero Sergio 2001 : positive control
23. Borgheresi Simone 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
24. Conti Roberto 2002 : in the act
25. Fontanelli Fabiano 1996 : positive control ; 2001 : blood test
26. Forconi Riccardo 1998 : positive control ; 2001 : positive control
27. Konyshev Dimitri
28. Podenzana Massimo 1986 : positive control
29. Traversoni Mario
32 years of existence, 26 cases, ie 0,81 per year
31. Ballerini Franco 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1996 : positive control
32. Di Grande Giuseppe 2001 : in the act
33. Leysen Bart
34. Nardello Daniele 1999 : positive control (no penalty)
35. Peeters Wilfried
36. Steels Tom 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
37. Svorada Jan
38. Tafi Andrea 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
39. Zanini Stefano 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : in the act
18 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,11 per year
41. Jalabert Laurent 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
42. Bruyneel Johan 199x : judicial investigation
43. Diaz Justo Rafael
44. Diaz Zabala Herminio
45. Garcia Alonso Marcelino
46. Mauleon Unsuain Francesco-javier
47. Mauri-prat Melchior
48. Perez Rodriguez Luis
49. Sierra Roberto
41 years of existence, 25 cases, ie 0,61 per year
51. Boogerd Michael 2005 : confessions in 2013
52. Dekker Eric 1999 : positive control
53. Den Bakker Maarten
54. Jonker Patrick
55. Mcewen Robbie
56. Moerenhout Jacobus (koos)
57. Van Bon Leon
58. Vierhouten Aart
59. Zberg Beat
33 years of existence, 18 cases, ie 0,55 per year
61. Hamburger Bo 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control ; 2003 : positive control
62. Agnolutto Christophe
63. Barthe Stéphane 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
64. Chanteur Pascal 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
65. Durand Jacky 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
66. Elli Alberto 2001 : in the act
67. Kirsipuu Jan 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
68. Massi Rodolfo 1998 : in the act ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
69. Salmon Benoit
45 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,64 per year
71. Olano Abraham 1994 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
72. Alonso Monje Marino
73. Arrieta José-luis 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
74. Beltran Martinez Manuel 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2008 : positive control
75. Garcia Acosta Jose-vicente
76. Jimenez José Maria 199x : dead in 2003 ; 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
77. Pena Miguel Angel
78. Rodrigues Gomes Orlando Sergio
79. Solaun Solana Cesar 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year
81. Boardman Christopher
82. Backstedt Magnus
83. Moncassin Frédéric 199x : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
84. O'grady Stuart 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
85. Poli Eros 1986 : positive control
86. Seigneur Eddy
87. Simon François
88. Vasseur Cédric
89. Voigt Jens
91. Madouas Laurent 1994 : positive control
92. Farazijn Peter 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
93. Laukka Joona
94. Tchmil Andrei
95. Teteriouk Andrei
96. Van De Wouwer Kurt
97. Van Hyfte Paul
98. Verbrugghe Rik
99. Verheyen Geert
25 years of existence, 33 cases, ie 1,32 per year
101. Roux Laurent 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2001 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 2002 : unannounced positive control ; 2005 : in the act
102. Blijlevens Jeroen 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
103. De Jongh Steven 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions
104. Ivanov Serguei 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 2000 : blood test
105. Knaven Servais 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
106. Michaelsen Lars 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
107. Outschakov Serguei 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control
108. Van Petegem Peter 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
109. Voskamp Bart 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty)
15 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,33 per year
111. Cipollini Mario 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
112. Calcaterra Giuseppe 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
113. Donati Massimo
114. Fagnini Gianmatteo
115. Fornaciari Paolo
116. Mazzoleni Eddy 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2004 : in the act ; 2004 : positive control ; 2005 : police investigation
117. Mori Massimilliano 2003 : fraud
118. Piepoli Leonardo 2007 : positive control (2 times) ; 2008 : positive control (2 times)
119. Scirea Mario 2004 : in the act
28 years of existence, 14 cases, ie 0,5 per year
121. Berzin Evgueni 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 2000 : blood test
122. Bouyer Franck
123. Guesdon Frédéric
124. Heulot Stéphane 1999 : police investigation (no penalty)
125. Jan Xavier
126. Magnien Emmanuel 1998 : blood control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : positive control
127. Mengin Christophe
128. Nazon Damien
129. Sciandri Maximilian 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
29 years of existence, 23 cases, ie 0,79 per year
131. Casagrande Francesco 1998 : positive control ; 1998 : positive control ; 2004 : positive control
132. Desbiens Laurent 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : confessions (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
133. Gaumont Philippe 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : positive control (2 times) (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2004 : confessions
134. Jalabert Nicolas
135. Julich Bobby 1996 : confessions in 2012 ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
136. Lelli Massimiliano
137. Livingston Kevin 1999 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1997 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
138. Meier Roland 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control
139. Rinero Christophe
18 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,56 per year
141. Leblanc Luc 1993 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty)
142. Brasi Rossano 2000 : blood test
143. Crepaldi Mirko 2018 : police investigation (sanction not known)
144. Guidi Fabrizio 2005 : positive control (no penalty)
145. Guidi Leonardo
146. Jaksche Jörg 1999 : police investigation ; 2004 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty)
147. Martinello Silvio
148. Merckx Axel 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
149. Sacchi Fabio 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2002 : in the act
3 years of existence, 4 cases, ie 1,33 per year
151. Bianchi Carlo Marino
152. Bongioni Alessio
153. Ferrari Diego
154. Pozzi Oscar
155. Roscioli Fabio
156. Schiavina Samuele
157. Sheffr Alexandre
158. Simeoni Filippo 1993 : confessions in 1999 (no penalty) ; 1996 : positive control
159. Turicchia Alain 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
161. Blanco Gil Santiago
162. Benitez Esbri Francisco
163. Buenahora Hernan 2006 : positive control ; 2008 : positive control
164. Casero Moreno Angel-luis 1996 : positive control (no penalty)
165. Ferrigato Andrea
166. Garcia Marquina David
167. Garcia Rodriguez Francisco-tomas 2001 : positive control
168. Indurain Prudencio
169. Rincon Quintana Oliveiro
36 years of existence, 27 cases, ie 0,75 per year
171. Escartin Fernando
172. Cabello Luque Francisco 1994 : positive control (5 times)
173. Contreras Carlos-alberto
174. De Los Angeles Juan-josé
175. Gomez Gonzalo Javier
176. Gonzalez Capilla Santos 2005 : internal control (no penalty) ; 2005 : internal control (no penalty) ; 2006 : positive control
177. Rodriguez José
178. Serrano Rodriguez Marcos-antonio 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
179. Vidal Jose-angel
17 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 1,71 per year
181. Robin Jean-cyril 199x : confessions in 2004 (sanction not known)
182. Andreu Frankie 1995 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
183. Baranowski Dariusz
184. Derame Pascal
185. Ekimov Vjatceslav
186. Hamilton Tyler 1997 : confessions in 2012 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty) ; 2004 : positive control, confessions in 2011 (no penalty) ; 2004 : positive control ; 2009 : positive control and confessions in 2009
187. Hincapie George 1996 : confessions in 2012
188. Jemison Marty 199x : confessions in 2012 (no penalty)
189. Meinert-nielsen Peter 1993 : positive control
8 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 1 per year
191. Baldato Fabio
192. Bobrik Vladislav
193. Brignoli Ermanno 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : in the act
194. Caruso Roberto
195. Casagranda Stefano 2000 : in the act
196. De Beni Federico
197. Minali Nicola 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
198. Pistore Roberto
199. Spezialetti Alessandro 2004 : in the act
32 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 0,25 per year
201. Lino Pascal 1993 : positive control ; 1996 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999
202. Auger Ludovic
203. Bordenave Philippe
204. Bourguignon Thierry
205. Djavanian Viatcheslav
206. Gouvenou Thierry
207. Lebreton Lylian 1994 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1996 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
208. Leproux Denis
209. Sivakov Alexei
reports a rider who was sanctioned in a doping case
reports a rider pinned in our doping directory but who has not been sanctioned or whose we are not aware of the possible sanction