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Tour de France 1998 : the real numbers of doping |
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The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.
Teams | Riders | Pinned | Top 10 | Pinned | Podium | Pinned |
Deutsche Telekom | 9 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Festina Watches | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Mercatone Uno-Bianchi | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
Mapei - Bricobi | 9 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
Once | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Rabobank | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Casino | 9 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Banesto | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Gan | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Lotto- Mobistar | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TVM- Farm Frites | 9 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Saeco Macchine da Caffe- Cannondale | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
La Française des jeux | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Cofidis- Le crédit par téléphone | 9 | 6 | 3 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
Team Polti | 9 | 7 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Asics-CGA | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Vitalicio Seguros- Gruppo Generali | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Kelme- Costa Blanca | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
US Postal Service | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Riso Scotti- MG Maglificio | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Big Mat | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 189 | 103 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 3 |
Pourcentage | 54% | 90% | 100% |
Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.
Other data :
Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (30/01/2008)
The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.
The list of participants by team
23 years of existence, 40 cases, ie 1,74 per year
1. Ullrich Jan - 1997 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (no penalty) ; 2002 : positive control ; 2005 : judicial investigation
2. Aldag Rolf - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
3. Bolts Udo - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
4. Frattini Francesco
5. Henn Christian - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control
6. Heppner Jens - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
7. Riis Bjarne - 198x : confessions in 2010 (no penalty) ; 1993 : confessions in 2007 ; 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
8. Totschnig Georg - 2005 : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
9. Zabel Erik - 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1996 : confessions in 2007 and 2013 ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
12 years of existence, 31 cases, ie 2,58 per year
11. Virenque Richard - 1994 : confessions in 2000 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair (sanction not known) ; 1999 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
12. Brochard Laurent - 1991 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control
13. Dufaux Laurent - 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions in 1998
14. Hervé Pascal - 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 2000 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : positive control
15. Meier Armin - 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair
16. Moreau Christophe - 1996 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions (no penalty) ; 2008 : medical control
17. Rous Didier - 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux et aveux en 1998
18. Stephens Neil - 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux en 1998 (sanction not known)
19. Zülle Alex - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
7 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 2,71 per year
21. Pantani Marco - 1993 : medical control (sanction not known) ; 1995 : medical control + poursuites judiciaires ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2001 : in the act
22. Barbero Sergio - 2001 : positive control
23. Borgheresi Simone - 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
24. Conti Roberto - 2002 : in the act
25. Fontanelli Fabiano - 1996 : positive control ; 2001 : blood test
26. Forconi Riccardo - 1998 : positive control ; 2001 : positive control
27. Konyshev Dimitri
28. Podenzana Massimo - 1986 : positive control
29. Traversoni Mario
31 years of existence, 26 cases, ie 0,84 per year
31. Ballerini Franco - 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1996 : positive control
32. Di Grande Giuseppe - 2001 : in the act
33. Leysen Bart
34. Nardello Daniele - 1999 : positive control (no penalty)
35. Peeters Wilfried
36. Steels Tom - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
37. Svorada Jan
38. Tafi Andrea - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
39. Zanini Stefano - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : in the act
18 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 1,06 per year
41. Jalabert Laurent - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
42. Bruyneel Johan - 199x : judicial investigation
43. Diaz Justo Rafael
44. Diaz Zabala Herminio
45. Garcia Alonso Marcelino
46. Mauleon Javier
47. Mauri Melchior
48. Perez Rodriguez Luis
49. Sierra Roberto
40 years of existence, 24 cases, ie 0,6 per year
51. Boogerd Michael - 2005 : confessions in 2013
52. Dekker Erik - 1999 : positive control
53. Den Bakker Maarten
54. Jonker Patrick
55. Mcewen Robbie
56. Moerenhout Koos
57. Van Bon Leon
58. Vierhouten Aart
59. Zberg Beat
32 years of existence, 17 cases, ie 0,53 per year
61. Hamburger Bo - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control ; 2003 : positive control
62. Agnolutto Christophe
63. Barthe Stéphane - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
64. Chanteur Pascal - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
65. Durand Jacky - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
66. Elli Alberto - 2001 : in the act
67. Kirsipuu Jan - 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
68. Massi Rodolfo - 1998 : in the act ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
69. Salmon Benoit
44 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,66 per year
71. Olano Abraham - 1994 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
72. Alonso Marino
73. Arrieta Lujambio José Luis - 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
74. Beltran Manuel - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2008 : positive control
75. Garcia Acosta Jose-vicente
76. Jimenez José-maria - 199x : dead in 2003 ; 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
77. Pena Miguel Angel
78. Rodrigues Gomes Orlando Sergio
79. Solaun Solana César - 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year
81. Boardman Chris
82. Backstedt Magnus
83. Moncassin Frédéric - 199x : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
84. O'grady Stuart - 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
85. Poli Eros - 1986 : positive control
86. Seigneur Eddy
87. Simon François
88. Vasseur Cédric
89. Voigt Jens
91. Madouas Laurent - 1994 : positive control
92. Farazijn Peter - 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
93. Laukka Joona
94. Tchmil Andrei
95. Teteriouk Andrei
96. Van De Wouwer Kurt
97. Van Hyfte Paul
98. Verbrugghe Rik
99. Verheyen Geert
25 years of existence, 30 cases, ie 1,2 per year
101. Roux Laurent - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2001 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 2002 : unannounced positive control ; 2005 : in the act
102. Blijlevens Jeroen - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
103. De Jongh Steven - 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions
104. Ivanov Sergueï - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 2000 : blood test
105. Knaven Servais - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
106. Michaelsen Lars - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
107. Ouchakov Sergueï - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
108. Van Petegem Peter - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
109. Voskamp Bertus - 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty)
15 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,33 per year
111. Cipollini Mario - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
112. Calcaterra Giuseppe - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
113. Donati Massimo
114. Fagnini Gianmatteo
115. Fornaciari Paolo
116. Mazzoleni Eddy - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2004 : in the act ; 2004 : positive control ; 2005 : police investigation
117. Mori Massimiliano - 2003 : fraud
118. Piepoli Leonardo - 2007 : positive control (2 times) ; 2008 : positive control (2 times)
119. Scirea Mario - 2004 : in the act
27 years of existence, 13 cases, ie 0,48 per year
121. Berzin Evgueni - 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 2000 : blood test
122. Bouyer Franck
123. Guesdon Frédéric
124. Heulot Stéphane - 1999 : police investigation (no penalty)
125. Jan Xavier
126. Magnien Emmanuel - 1998 : blood control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : positive control
127. Mengin Christophe
128. Nazon Damien
129. Sciandri Maximilian - 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
28 years of existence, 21 cases, ie 0,75 per year
131. Casagrande Francesco - 1998 : positive control ; 1998 : positive control ; 2004 : positive control
132. Desbiens Laurent - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : confessions (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
133. Gaumont Philippe - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : positive control (2 times) (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2004 : confessions
134. Jalabert Nicolas
135. Julich Bobby - 1996 : confessions in 2012 ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
136. Lelli Massimiliano
137. Livingston Kevin - 1999 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1997 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
138. Meier Roland - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control
139. Rinero Christophe
18 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 0,44 per year
141. Leblanc Luc - 1994 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions (no penalty)
142. Brasi Rossano - 2000 : blood test
143. Crepaldi Mirko - 2018 : police investigation (sanction not known)
144. Guidi Fabrizio - 2005 : positive control (no penalty)
145. Guidi Leonardo
146. Jaksche Jörg - 1999 : police investigation ; 2004 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty)
147. Martinello Silvio
148. Merckx Axel - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
149. Sacchi Fabio - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2002 : in the act
3 years of existence, 3 cases, ie 1 per year
151. Bianchi Carlo Marino
152. Bongioni Alessio
153. Ferrari Diego
154. Pozzi Oscar
155. Roscioli Fabio
156. Schiavina Samuele
157. Shefer Alexandre
158. Simeoni Filippo - 1993 : confessions in 1999 (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control
159. Turicchia Alain - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
161. Blanco Gil Santiago
162. Benitez Esbri Francisco
163. Buenahora Hernan - 2006 : positive control ; 2008 : positive control
164. Casero Angel - 1996 : positive control (no penalty)
165. Ferrigato Andrea
166. Garcia David
167. Garcia Rodriguez Francisco-tomas - 2001 : positive control
168. Indurain Prudencio
169. Rincon Quintana Oliveiro
36 years of existence, 27 cases, ie 0,75 per year
171. Escartin Fernando
172. Cabello Francisco - 1994 : positive control (5 times)
173. Contreras Carlos-alberto
174. De Los Angeles Juan-josé
175. Gomez Gonzalo José Javier
176. Gonzalez Capilla Santos - 2005 : internal control (no penalty) ; 2005 : internal control (no penalty) ; 2006 : positive control
177. Rodriguez José
178. Serrano Rodriguez Marcos-antonio - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
179. Vidal Jose-angel
17 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,18 per year
181. Robin Jean-cyril - 199x : confessions in 2004 (sanction not known)
182. Andreu Frankie - 1995 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
183. Baranowski Dariusz
184. Deramé Pascal
185. Ekimov Viatcheslav
186. Hamilton Tyler - 1997 : confessions in 2012 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty) ; 2004 : positive control, confessions in 2011 (no penalty) ; 2004 : positive control ; 2009 : positive control and confessions in 2009
187. Hincapie George - 1996 : confessions in 2012
188. Jemison Marty - 199x : confessions in 2012 (no penalty)
189. Meinert-nielsen Peter - 1993 : positive control
7 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 1,14 per year
191. Baldato Fabio
192. Bobrik Vladislav
193. Brignoli Ermanno - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : in the act
194. Caruso Roberto
195. Casagranda Stefano - 2000 : in the act
196. De Beni Federico
197. Minali Nicola - 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
198. Pistore Roberto
199. Spezialetti Alessandro - 2004 : in the act
31 years of existence, 7 cases, ie 0,23 per year
201. Lino Pascal - 1993 : positive control ; 1996 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999
202. Auger Ludovic
203. Bordenave Philippe
204. Bourguignon Thierry
205. Djavanian Viatcheslav
206. Gouvenou Thierry
207. Lebreton Lylian - 1994 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1996 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
208. Leproux Denis
209. Sivakov Alexei