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Tour de France 1993 : the real numbers of doping |
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The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.
Teams | Riders | Pinned | Top 10 | Pinned | Podium | Pinned |
BANESTO | 9 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
CARRERA JEANS-TASSONI | 9 | 6 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
GATORADE-MEGA DRIVE | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MOTOROLA | 9 | 6 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
FESTINA | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ONCE | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
ZG MOBILI-SIDI | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TELEKOM | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GB-MG MAGLIFICIO | 9 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
GAN | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TVM-BISON | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOVEMAIL-LASER COMPUTER | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CASTORAMA | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CLAS-CAJASTUR | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
WORDPERFECT | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
AMAYA SEGUROS | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ARIOSTEA | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
LOTTO-BELGACOM | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LAMPRE-POLTI | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CHAZAL-VETTA MBK | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TULIP COMPUTERS | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PDM-CONCORDE | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 198 | 90 | 10 | 9 | 3 | 3 |
Pourcentage | 45% | 90% | 100% |
Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.
Other data :
Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (31/01/2008)
The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.
The list of participants by team
44 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,66 per year
1. Indurain Miguel - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
2. Alonso Marino
3. Bernard Jean-françois
4. Delgado Pedro - 1988 : positive control (no penalty)
5. Garmendia Aitor - 1998 : blood test
6. Gorospe Julian - 1984 : positive control
7. Indurain Prudencio
8. Rue Gérard
9. Uriarte José-ramon
21 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,48 per year
11. Chiappucci Claudio - 1993 : police investigation ; 1997 : blood test ; 1997 : blood test
12. Artunghi Marco
13. Chiesa Mario - 1993 : police investigation (no penalty)
14. Poulnikov Vladimir - 1997 : positive control
15. Roche Stephen - 1993 : police investigation
16. Roscioli Fabio
17. Rossi Remo
18. Sorensen Rolf - 199x : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1993 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
19. Tafi Andrea - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
18 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 0,44 per year
21. Bugno Gianni - 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
22. Boscardin Bruno
23. Fidanza Giovanni
24. Fignon Laurent - 1984 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1987 : positive control ; 1987 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 198x : confessions in 2009 (no penalty)
25. Peron Andrea - 2001 : in the act (no penalty) ; 2004 : in the act (no penalty) ; 2011 : positive control (sanction not known)
26. Rondon Vasquez Abelardo
27. Scirea Mario - 2004 : in the act
28. Tebaldi Valerio
29. Zanatta Stefano
31. Hampsten Andrew
32. Anderson Phil - 1983 : positive control
33. Andreu Frankie - 1995 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
34. Armstrong Lance - 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty)
35. Bauer Steve
36. Dernies Michel
37. Mejia Alvaro - 1987 : positive control
38. Sciandri Maximilian - 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
39. Yates Sean - 1989 : positive control (no penalty)
12 years of existence, 31 cases, ie 2,58 per year
41. Lino Pascal - 1993 : positive control ; 1996 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999
42. Dojwa Jean-philippe
43. Gonzalez Arrieta José-ramon
44. Jakobs Gert - 1989 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1991 : positive control
45. Marie Thierry
46. Rooks Steven - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : confessions in 1998 & 2009 (no penalty)
47. Van Poppel Jean-paul
48. Vermote Michel
49. Virenque Richard - 1994 : confessions in 2000 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair (sanction not known) ; 1999 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
18 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 1,06 per year
51. Breukink Erik
52. Bruyneel Johan - 199x : judicial investigation
53. Diaz Zabala Herminio
54. Jalabert Laurent - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
55. Leanizbarrutia Alberto
56. Louviot Philippe
57. Martinez Perez Miguel-angel
58. Stephens Neil - 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux en 1998 (sanction not known)
59. Zülle Alex - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
61. Perini Giancarlo - 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
62. Citterio Giuseppe - 1991 : positive control (sanction not known)
63. Colage Stefano - 2021 : positive control
64. Faresin Gianni - 2000 : blood test (sanction not known)
65. Ghirotto Massimo
66. Mantovan Mario
67. Rodriguez Nelson
68. Sierra Leonardo
69. Van Den Akker John
71. Ludwig Olaf - 2006 : police investigation
72. Aldag Rolf - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
73. Audehm Gerd
74. Bolts Udo - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
75. Henn Christian - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control
76. Heppner Jens - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
77. Holm Brian - 1996 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 199x : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
78. Kummer Mario - 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
79. Raab Uwe - 1991 : confessions in 1996 (no penalty)
7 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 1,14 per year
81. Ballerini Franco - 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1996 : positive control
82. Bomans Carlo
83. Cipollini Mario - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
84. Jaskula Zenon - 1993 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
85. Museeuw Johan - 2003 : judicial investigation ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
86. Peeters Wilfried
87. Pillon Laurent
88. Vanzella Flavio - 1986 : positive control
89. Vona Franco
67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year
91. Boyer Eric - 198x : confessions in 2005 (no penalty)
92. Capelle Christophe
93. Casado Philippe
94. Claveyrolat Thierry - 1986 : police control (no penalty)
95. Colotti Jean-claude
96. Duclos-lassalle Gilbert - 1989 : absence to control (no penalty)
97. Lance Pascal
98. Lemarchand François
99. Moreau Francis - 1996 : positive control
25 years of existence, 30 cases, ie 1,2 per year
101. Millar Robert - 1992 : positive control ; 199x : confessions (no penalty)
102. Capiot Johan
103. De Vries Gerrit
104. Den Bakker Maarten
105. Hamburger Bo - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control ; 2003 : positive control
106. Lauritzen Dag-otto
107. Nelissen Danny - 1996 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
108. Skibby Jesper - 1990 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1991 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1992 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
109. Talen John
2 years of existence, 1 case, ie 0,5 per year
111. Mottet Charly - 198x : confessions in 1989 (no penalty)
112. Bouwmans Eddy
113. Cornillet Bruno
114. Ekimov Viatcheslav
115. Nelissen Wilfried - 1993 : positive control
116. Nulens Guy
117. Pensec Ronan
118. Sergeant Marc - 1983 : positive control ; 1985 : positive control
119. Zdhanov Dimitri
24 years of existence, 21 cases, ie 0,88 per year
121. Arnould Dominique
122. Bourguignon Thierry
123. Brochard Laurent - 1991 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control
124. Desbiens Laurent - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : confessions (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
125. Durand Jacky - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
126. Jeker Fabian
127. Madouas Laurent - 1994 : positive control
128. Robin Jean-cyril - 199x : confessions in 2004 (sanction not known)
129. Simon François
131. Rominger Tony - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
132. Echave Musatadi Federico - 1995 : positive control (sanction not known)
133. Escartin Fernando
134. Gaston Crespi Inaki
135. Gonzales Arsenio
136. Mauleon Javier
137. Muller Jörg (sui) - 1987 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
138. Olano Abraham - 1994 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
139. Unzaga Bombin Jon
141. Alcala Gallegos Raul
142. Ledanois Yvon - 1999 : judicial investigation
143. Maassen Frans
144. Moncassin Frédéric - 199x : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
145. Mulders Rob
146. Nijdam Jelle
147. Runkel Dieter
148. Van Hooydonck Edwig
149. Vanderaerden Eric
15 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,67 per year
151. Mauri Melchior
152. Cordes Tom
153. Cubino Laudelino - 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
154. Martin Velasco Antonio
155. Martin Martinez Juan-carlos
156. Montoya Alarcon Jesus
157. Murguialday Javier
158. Pedersen Per - 199x : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
159. Rincon Quintana Oliveiro
10 years of existence, 2 cases, ie 0,2 per year
161. Cassani Davide
162. Cenghialta Bruno - 199x : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
163. Conti Roberto - 2002 : in the act
164. Elli Alberto - 2001 : in the act
165. Ferrigato Andrea
166. Jaermann Rolf - 1994 : confessions in 1999 (no penalty)
167. Paletti Michele
168. Riis Bjarne - 198x : confessions in 2010 (no penalty) ; 1993 : confessions in 2007 ; 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
169. Santaromita Mauro-antonio - 1997 : blood test ; 199x : blood test (no penalty)
40 years of existence, 15 cases, ie 0,38 per year
171. Nevens Jan
172. Baguet Serge
173. De Clercq Peter
174. Farazijn Peter - 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
175. Frison Herman
176. Roosen Luc
177. Van De Laer Jim
178. Van Slycke Rik - 1988 : positive control
179. Wauters Marc
7 years of existence, 0 cases, ie 0 per year
181. Abdoujaparov Djamolidine - 1989 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control
182. Bortolami Gianluca - 1998 : confessions (sanction not known) ; 1999 : judicial search (sanction not known) ; 2000 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 2003 : positive control
183. Bramati Davide
184. Cortinovis Stefano
185. Lietti Marco
186. Ouchakov Sergueï - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
187. Spruch Zbigniew
188. Svorada Jan
189. Szerszynski Marek
32 years of existence, 17 cases, ie 0,53 per year
191. Caritoux Eric - 1986 : police control (no penalty)
192. Biondi Laurent - 2005 : police investigation (no penalty)
193. Bourgeot Jean-pierre
194. Chanteur Pascal - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
195. Delphis Jean-pierre
196. Esnault Patrice
197. Kirsipuu Jan - 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
198. Kozlitine Oleg - 2004 : judicial investigation
199. Pineau Franck
201. Roosen Luc
202. Frison Herman
203. Holm Brian - 1996 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 199x : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
204. Jentzsch Olaf
205. Lilholt Soren - 199x : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
206. Peiper Allan - 1986 : absence to control ; 1985 : confessions in 2005 (no penalty)
207. Pieters Peter
208. Van De Laer Jim
209. Van Der Poel Adrie - 1983 : positive control ; 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
211. Breukink Erik
212. Alcala Gallegos Raul
213. Boden Falk
214. Den Bakker Maarten
215. Earley Martin
216. Kummer Mario - 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
217. Maier Harald
218. Van Aert Jos
219. Van Poppel Jean-paul