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Tour de France 1994 : the real numbers of doping |
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The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.
Teams | Riders | Pinned | Top 10 | Pinned | Podium | Pinned |
BANESTO | 9 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
MAPEI-CLAS | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GB-MG TECHNOGYM | 9 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
MOTOROLA | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GEWISS-BALLAN | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
CARRERA-TASSONI | 9 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
ONCE | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
LAMPRE-PANARIA | 9 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
GAN | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
FESTINA | 9 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
TEAM POLTI | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CASTORAMA | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TVM-BISON | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TELEKOM | 9 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
ZG MOBILI-SELLE ITALIA | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WORDPERFECT | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
NOVEMAIL-LASER | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
KELME-AVIANCA | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CHAZAL-M.B.K-KONIG | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LOTTO-VETTA-CALOI | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MERCATONE UNO-MEDEGHINI | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 189 | 91 | 10 | 10 | 3 | 3 |
Pourcentage | 48% | 100% | 100% |
Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.
Other data :
Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (31/01/2008)
The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.
The list of participants by team
44 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,66 per year
1. Indurain Miguel - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
2. Alonso Marino
3. Aparicio Vicente
4. Bernard Jean-françois
5. Gonzalez Arrieta José-ramon
6. Mauri Melchior
7. Nijboer Erwin
8. Rue Gérard
9. Uriarte José-ramon
31 years of existence, 26 cases, ie 0,84 per year
11. Rominger Tony - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
12. Bortolami Gianluca - 1998 : confessions (sanction not known) ; 1999 : judicial search (sanction not known) ; 2000 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 2003 : positive control
13. Echave Musatadi Federico - 1995 : positive control (sanction not known)
14. Emonds Nico - 1990 : positive control ; 1995 : positive control
15. Escartin Fernando
16. Gonzales Arsenio
17. Muller Jörg (sui) - 1987 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
18. Olano Abraham - 1994 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
19. Unzaga Bombin Jon
7 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 1,14 per year
21. Museeuw Johan - 2003 : judicial investigation ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
22. Bomans Carlo
23. Cassani Davide
24. Elli Alberto - 2001 : in the act
25. Jaermann Rolf - 1994 : confessions in 1999 (no penalty)
26. Peeters Wilfried
27. Sorensen Rolf - 199x : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1993 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
28. Vanzella Flavio - 1986 : positive control
29. Vona Franco
31. Armstrong Lance - 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty)
32. Alcala Gallegos Raul
33. Anderson Phil - 1983 : positive control
34. Andreu Frankie - 1995 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
35. Bauer Steve
36. Dernies Michel
37. Mejia Alvaro - 1987 : positive control
38. Swart Stephen - 1995 : confessions in 2004 (no penalty)
39. Yates Sean - 1989 : positive control (no penalty)
5 years of existence, 13 cases, ie 2,6 per year
41. Riis Bjarne - 198x : confessions in 2010 (no penalty) ; 1993 : confessions in 2007 ; 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
42. Bobrik Vladislav
43. Bontempi Guido - 1987 : positive control ; 1993 : police investigation
44. Bottaro Dario
45. Cenghialta Bruno - 199x : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
46. Furlan Giorgio - 1999 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 2000 : blood test (sanction not known)
47. Minali Nicola - 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
48. Ugrumov Piotr - 1995 : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
49. Zaina Enrico
21 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,48 per year
51. Chiappucci Claudio - 1993 : police investigation ; 1997 : blood test ; 1997 : blood test
52. Artunghi Marco
53. Bertolini Alessandro - 1997 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : blood test (sanction not known)
54. Chiesa Mario - 1993 : police investigation (no penalty)
55. Mantovan Mario
56. Pantani Marco - 1993 : medical control (sanction not known) ; 1995 : medical control + poursuites judiciaires ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2001 : in the act
57. Poulnikov Vladimir - 1997 : positive control
58. Rossi Remo
59. Zberg Beat
18 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 1,06 per year
61. Zülle Alex - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
62. Breukink Erik
63. Diaz Zabala Herminio
64. Dufaux Laurent - 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions in 1998
65. Jalabert Laurent - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
66. Leanizbarrutia Alberto
67. Rincon Quintana Oliveiro
68. Sierra Roberto
69. Stephens Neil - 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux en 1998 (sanction not known)
71. Tonkov Pavel - 1999 : blood test (sanction not known)
72. Conti Roberto - 2002 : in the act
73. Faresin Gianni - 2000 : blood test (sanction not known)
74. Galletti Alessio - 2000 : in the act ; 2004 : in the act
75. Gontchenkov Alexandre
76. Lietti Marco
77. Serpellini Marco - 2005 : police investigation (sanction not known)
78. Svorada Jan
79. Zen Marco
67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year
81. Dojwa Jean-philippe
82. Boardman Chris
83. Capelle Christophe
84. Colotti Jean-claude
85. Gouvenou Thierry
86. Lemond Greg
87. Moreau Francis - 1996 : positive control
88. Rous Didier - 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux et aveux en 1998
89. Seigneur Eddy
12 years of existence, 31 cases, ie 2,58 per year
91. Leblanc Luc - 1994 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions (no penalty)
92. Bagot Jean-claude
93. Hervé Pascal - 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 2000 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : positive control
94. Hodge Stephen - 1991 : confessions in 2012
95. Lino Pascal - 1993 : positive control ; 1996 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999
96. Torres Roberto
97. Van Poppel Jean-paul
98. Vermote Michel
99. Virenque Richard - 1994 : confessions in 2000 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair (sanction not known) ; 1999 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
18 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 0,44 per year
101. Bugno Gianni - 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
102. Abdoujaparov Djamolidine - 1989 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control
103. Fidanza Giovanni
104. Martinelli Gianvito
105. Ouchakov Sergueï - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
106. Pellicioli Oscar
107. Peron Andrea - 2001 : in the act (no penalty) ; 2004 : in the act (no penalty) ; 2011 : positive control (sanction not known)
108. Scirea Mario - 2004 : in the act
109. Zdhanov Dimitri
24 years of existence, 21 cases, ie 0,88 per year
111. De Las Cuevas Armand - 1995 : border control ; 2006 : positive control
112. Davy Thomas - 1995 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty) ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 1997 : confessions (sanction not known) ; 1998 : confessions (sanction not known)
113. Desbiens Laurent - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : confessions (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
114. Durand Jacky - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
115. Madouas Laurent - 1994 : positive control
116. Magnien Emmanuel - 1998 : blood control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : positive control
117. Marie Thierry
118. Simon François
119. Thibout Bruno
25 years of existence, 30 cases, ie 1,2 per year
121. Rooks Steven - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : confessions in 1998 & 2009 (no penalty)
122. Capiot Johan
123. Lauritzen Dag-otto
124. Hamburger Bo - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control ; 2003 : positive control
125. Harmeling Rob
126. Meinert-nielsen Peter - 1993 : positive control
127. Skibby Jesper - 1990 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1991 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1992 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
128. Theunisse Gert-jan - 1988 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 1990 : positive control
129. Voskamp Bertus - 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty)
23 years of existence, 40 cases, ie 1,74 per year
131. Ludwig Olaf - 2006 : police investigation
132. Aldag Rolf - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
133. Audehm Gerd
134. Bolts Udo - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
135. Henn Christian - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control
136. Heppner Jens - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
137. Kummer Mario - 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
138. Raab Uwe - 1991 : confessions in 1996 (no penalty)
139. Zabel Erik - 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1996 : confessions in 2007 and 2013 ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
141. Ghirotto Massimo
142. Casartelli Fabio
143. Colage Stefano - 2021 : positive control
144. Fontanelli Fabiano - 1996 : positive control ; 2001 : blood test
145. Perini Giancarlo - 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
146. Perona Davide
147. Redant Hendrik
148. Rodriguez Nelson
149. Santaromita Mauro-antonio - 1997 : blood test ; 199x : blood test (no penalty)
151. Ekimov Viatcheslav
152. Dekker Erik - 1999 : positive control
153. Kvalsvoll Atle
154. Maassen Frans
155. Van Bon Leon
156. Mulders Rob
157. Van Hooydonck Edwig
158. Van Lancker Eric
159. Wauters Marc
2 years of existence, 1 case, ie 0,5 per year
161. Mottet Charly - 198x : confessions in 1989 (no penalty)
162. Cornillet Bruno
163. De Vries Gerrit
164. Jonker Patrick
165. Louviot Philippe
166. Nelissen Wilfried - 1993 : positive control
167. Nulens Guy
168. Pensec Ronan
169. Sergeant Marc - 1983 : positive control ; 1985 : positive control
36 years of existence, 27 cases, ie 0,75 per year
171. Cubino Laudelino - 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
172. Buenahora Hernan - 2006 : positive control ; 2008 : positive control
173. Cabello Francisco - 1994 : positive control (5 times)
174. Cadena Villejas Julio-cesar
175. Camargo Angel
176. Edo Angel - 1998 : blood test
177. Garcia Camacho Ignacio
178. Munoz Federico - 2004 : positive control
179. Zamana Cezary - 1999 : positive control
181. Caritoux Eric - 1986 : police control (no penalty)
182. Arroyo Miguel
183. Bourgeot Jean-pierre
184. Chanteur Pascal - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
185. Guazzini Gérard
186. Kasputis Arturas
187. Kirsipuu Jan - 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
188. Manin Christophe
189. Vermey Marco
191. Tchmil Andrei
192. De Clercq Mario - 2004 : judicial investigation
193. De Clercq Peter
194. Farazijn Peter - 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
195. Frison Herman
196. Magalhaes Wanderley
197. Roosen Luc
198. Van De Laer Jim
199. Verdonck Rudy
201. Chioccioli Franco
202. Baffi Adriano
203. Fina Rosario
204. Lanfranchi Paolo
205. Martinello Silvio
206. Petito Giuseppe
207. Petito Roberto - 1997 : positive control (no penalty)
208. Poli Eros - 1986 : positive control
209. Talen John