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Tour de France 1996 : the real numbers of doping |
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The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.
Teams | Riders | Pinned | Top 10 | Pinned | Podium | Pinned |
BANESTO | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ONCE | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Team Deutsche TELEKOM | 9 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
MAPEI-GB | 9 | 5 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
MG TECHNOGYM | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GEWISS-PLAYBUS | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MOTOROLA | 9 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
FESTINA Watches | 9 | 7 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
RABOBANK | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GAN | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SAECO | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Team POLTI | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
PANARIA-VINAVIL | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CARRERA Blue Jeans | 9 | 4 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ROSLOTTO-ZG MOBILI | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
TVM | 9 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
REFIN-MOBILVETTA | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
LOTTO-ISOGLASS | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
KELME-ARTIACH | 9 | 6 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BRESCIALAT | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
AGRIGEL-LA CREUSE-FENIOUX | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
AUBERVILLIERS 93-PEUGEOT | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 198 | 97 | 10 | 8 | 3 | 3 |
Pourcentage | 49% | 80% | 100% |
Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.
Other data :
Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (31/01/2008)
The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.
The list of participants by team
44 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,66 per year
1. Indurain Miguel - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
2. Alonso Marino
3. Aparicio Vicente
4. Arrieta Lujambio José Luis - 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
5. Indurain Prudencio
6. Jimenez José-maria - 199x : dead in 2003 ; 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
7. Miranda Carmelo
8. Rodrigues Gomes Orlando Sergio
9. Uriarte José-ramon
18 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 1,06 per year
11. Jalabert Laurent - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
12. Cuesta Lopez De Castro Inigo
13. Diaz Zabala Herminio
14. Garmendia Aitor - 1998 : blood test
15. Jonker Patrick
16. Mauri Melchior
17. Sierra Roberto
18. Stephens Neil - 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux, aveux en 1998 (sanction not known)
19. Zülle Alex - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
23 years of existence, 40 cases, ie 1,74 per year
21. Riis Bjarne - 198x : confessions in 2010 (no penalty) ; 1993 : confessions in 2007 ; 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
22. Aldag Rolf - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
23. Bolts Udo - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
24. Henn Christian - 1995 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control
25. Heppner Jens - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
26. Holm Brian - 1996 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 199x : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
27. Kummer Mario - 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
28. Ullrich Jan - 1997 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (no penalty) ; 2002 : positive control ; 2005 : judicial investigation
29. Zabel Erik - 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1996 : confessions in 2007 and 2013 ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
31 years of existence, 26 cases, ie 0,84 per year
31. Rominger Tony - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
32. Echave Musatadi Federico - 1995 : positive control (sanction not known)
33. Fernandez Gines Manuel
34. Gonzales Arsenio
35. Lanfranchi Paolo
36. Museeuw Johan - 2003 : judicial investigation ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
37. Olano Abraham - 1994 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
38. Peeters Wilfried
39. Tafi Andrea - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
41. Baldato Fabio
42. Bartoli Michele - 2006 : police investigation (no penalty)
43. Elli Alberto - 2001 : in the act
44. Finco Carlo
45. Jaermann Rolf - 1994 : confessions in 1999 (no penalty)
46. Lietti Marco
47. Pistore Roberto
48. Richard Pascal
49. Saligari Marco
51. Berzin Evgueni - 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 2000 : blood test
52. Bottaro Dario
53. Cenghialta Bruno - 199x : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
54. Cerioli Ivan
55. Frattini Francesco
56. Gotti Ivan - 1998 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 2001 : in the act
57. Minali Nicola - 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
58. Perona Davide
59. Zanini Stefano - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : in the act
17 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,18 per year
61. Armstrong Lance - 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty)
62. Andreu Frankie - 1995 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
63. Hincapie George - 1996 : confessions in 2012
64. Madouas Laurent - 1994 : positive control
65. Montoya Alarcon Jesus
66. Ozers Kaspar
67. Sciandri Maximilian - 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
68. Thibout Bruno
69. Vanzella Flavio - 1986 : positive control
12 years of existence, 31 cases, ie 2,58 per year
71. Virenque Richard - 1994 : confessions in 2000 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair (sanction not known) ; 1999 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
72. Boscardin Bruno
73. Brochard Laurent - 1991 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control
74. Dufaux Laurent - 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions in 1998
75. Garcia Casas Felix Manuel
76. Hervé Pascal - 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 2000 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : positive control
77. Magnien Emmanuel - 1998 : blood control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : positive control
78. Moreau Christophe - 1996 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions (no penalty) ; 2008 : medical control
79. Robin Jean-cyril - 199x : confessions in 2004 (sanction not known)
40 years of existence, 24 cases, ie 0,6 per year
81. Bruyneel Johan - 199x : judicial investigation
82. Boogerd Michael - 2005 : confessions in 2013
83. Breukink Erik
84. Dekker Erik - 1999 : positive control
85. Ekimov Viatcheslav
86. Nelissen Danny - 1996 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
87. Piziks Arvis
88. Sorensen Rolf - 199x : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1993 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
89. Van Bon Leon
67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year
91. Boardman Chris
92. Heulot Stéphane - 1999 : police investigation (no penalty)
93. Lemarchand François
94. Moncassin Frédéric - 199x : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
95. Moreau Francis - 1996 : positive control
96. Rous Didier - 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux et aveux en 1998
97. Seigneur Eddy
98. Simon François
99. Vasseur Cédric
15 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,33 per year
101. Cipollini Mario - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
102. Biasci Simone - 200x : positive control
103. Calcaterra Giuseppe - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
104. Donati Massimo
105. Fagnini Gianmatteo
106. Fornaciari Paolo
107. Lelli Massimiliano
108. Poli Eros - 1986 : positive control
109. Scirea Mario - 2004 : in the act
18 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 0,44 per year
111. Leblanc Luc - 1994 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions (no penalty)
112. Baldinger Dirk
113. Brasi Rossano - 2000 : blood test
114. De Vries Gerrit
115. Gualdi Mirko
116. Guerini Giuseppe
117. Guesdon Frédéric
118. Imanaka Daisuke
119. Ouchakov Sergueï - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
121. Belli Wladimir
122. Baronti Alessandro - 2003 : positive control
123. Bramati Davide
124. Camenzind Oscar - 2004 : positive control
125. Conti Roberto - 2002 : in the act
126. Fois Valentino - 1997 : positive control ; 1998 : positive control ; 2002 : positive control
127. Previtali Sergio
128. Spruch Zbigniew
129. Svorada Jan
131. Chiappucci Claudio - 1993 : police investigation ; 1997 : blood test ; 1997 : blood test
132. Chiesa Mario - 1993 : police investigation (no penalty)
133. Luttenberger Peter
134. Pellicioli Oscar
135. Podenzana Massimo - 1986 : positive control
136. Siboni Marcello - 2001 : in the act
137. Traversoni Mario
138. Zaina Enrico
139. Zberg Beat
9 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 1,11 per year
141. Ugrumov Piotr - 1995 : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
142. Cattai Stefano
143. Ferrigato Andrea
144. Fincato Marco
145. Fondriest Maurizio
146. Gontchenkov Alexandre
147. Lino Pascal - 1993 : positive control ; 1996 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999
148. Savoldelli Paolo - 2005 : disciplinary investigation
149. Zen Marco
151. Den Bakker Maarten
152. Blijlevens Jeroen - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
153. Hamburger Bo - 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1995 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2001 : positive control ; 2003 : positive control
154. Knaven Servais - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
155. Poulnikov Vladimir - 1997 : positive control
156. Roux Laurent - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2001 : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 2002 : unannounced positive control ; 2005 : in the act
157. Skibby Jesper - 1990 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1991 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1992 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
158. Van Petegem Peter - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
159. Voskamp Bertus - 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty)
161. Abdoujaparov Djamolidine - 1989 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control
162. Bettin Mauro
163. Colage Stefano - 2021 : positive control
164. Imboden Heinz
165. Ouslamine Serguei
166. Piepoli Leonardo - 2007 : positive control (2 times) ; 2008 : positive control (2 times)
167. Roscioli Fabio
168. Salvato Cristian
169. Steinhauser Tobias
40 years of existence, 15 cases, ie 0,38 per year
171. Tchmil Andrei
172. Bouvard Gilles - 1997 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1998 : blood control (sanction not known)
173. Farazijn Peter - 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
174. Fleischer Thomas
175. Kozlitine Oleg - 2004 : judicial investigation
176. Mattan Nico - 2000 : positive control ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
177. Sunderland Scott
178. Van Hyfte Paul
179. Wauters Marc
36 years of existence, 27 cases, ie 0,75 per year
181. Escartin Fernando
182. Aguirre Julio-cesar
183. Buenahora Hernan - 2006 : positive control ; 2008 : positive control
184. Cabello Francisco - 1994 : positive control (5 times)
185. Castelblanco Jose - 1996 : positive control ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2004 : positive control
186. Cubino Laudelino - 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
187. Gonzalez-pico José-jaime - 2001 : in the act
188. Munoz Federico - 2004 : positive control
189. Vidal Jose-angel
13 years of existence, 2 cases, ie 0,15 per year
191. Piccoli Mariano - 1999 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (no penalty) ; 2005 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 2010 : police investigation ; 201x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
192. Bertolini Alessandro - 1997 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : blood test (sanction not known)
193. Camin Claudio
194. Della Vedova Marco
195. Frattini Cristiano
196. Gelfi Luca
197. Jaskula Zenon - 1993 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
198. Pumar Omar
199. Radaelli Mauro
1 year of existence, 3 cases, ie 3 per year
201. Durand Jacky - 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
202. Arnould Dominique
203. Bourgeot Jean-pierre
204. Bouyer Franck
205. Colotti Jean-claude
206. Laurent Thierry - 1995 : confessions in 2000 (sanction not known) ; 1996 : positive control ; 1997 : confessions in 2003 (sanction not known) ; 1997 : blood test
207. Marie Thierry
208. Masdupuy Jean-luc
209. Vermote Michel
31 years of existence, 7 cases, ie 0,23 per year
211. Capelle Christophe
212. Bourguignon Thierry
213. Genty Laurent
214. Gouvenou Thierry
215. Lesniewski Marek
216. Pontier Frédéric - 1997 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known) ; 1998 : positive control
217. Saugrain Cyril
218. Talmant Gilles
219. Teyssier Francisque