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Tour de France 1991 : the real numbers of doping |
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The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.
Teams | Riders | Pinned | Top 10 | Pinned | Podium | Pinned |
Z | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CARRERA-JEANS | 9 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
PDM-CONCORDE | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BANESTO | 9 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 |
ONCE | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
GATORADE-CHATEAU D'AX | 9 | 3 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
LOTTO-SUPERCLUB-MBK | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
MOTOROLA | 9 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
AMAYA SEGUROS | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CASTORAMA | 9 | 4 | 2 | 2 | 0 | 0 |
HELVETIA | 9 | 2 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
RYALCO-POSTOBON | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
ARIOSTEA | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
RMO-MAVIC-LIBERIA | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
TVM-SANYO | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PANASONIC-SPORTLIFE | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
WEINMANN-EDDY MERCKX | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
HISTOR-SIGMA | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TOSHIBA | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
BUCKLER | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TONTON TAPIS-CORONA | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CLAS-CAJASTUR | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 198 | 63 | 10 | 7 | 3 | 3 |
Pourcentage | 32% | 70% | 100% |
Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.
Other data :
Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (31/01/2008)
The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.
The list of participants by team
67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year
1. Lemond Greg
2. Boyer Eric - 198x : confessions in 2005 (no penalty)
3. Casado Philippe
4. Cornillet Bruno
5. Duclos-lassalle Gilbert - 1989 : absence to control (no penalty)
6. Kvalsvoll Atle
7. Lemarchand François
8. Millar Robert - 1992 : positive control ; 199x : confessions (no penalty)
9. Simon Jérôme
21 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,48 per year
11. Chiappucci Claudio - 1993 : police investigation ; 1997 : blood test ; 1997 : blood test
12. Abdoujaparov Djamolidine - 1989 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control ; 1997 : positive control
13. Bontempi Guido - 1987 : positive control ; 1993 : police investigation
14. Giannelli Alessandro
15. Maechler Erich
16. Pavlic Yure
17. Perini Giancarlo - 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
18. Poulnikov Vladimir - 1997 : positive control
19. Zaina Enrico
7 years of existence, 15 cases, ie 2,14 per year
21. Breukink Erik
22. Alcala Gallegos Raul
23. Boden Falk
24. Earley Martin
25. Kelly Sean - 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : positive control
26. Raab Uwe - 1991 : confessions in 1996 (no penalty)
27. Van Aert Jos
28. Van Poppel Jean-paul
29. Verhoeven Nico
44 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,66 per year
31. Delgado Pedro - 1988 : positive control (no penalty)
32. Alonso Marino
33. Arnaud Dominique
34. Bernard Jean-françois
35. Indurain Miguel - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
36. Lukin Morantin Luis Javier
37. Philipot Fabrice
38. Rodriguez Magro Jesus
39. Rondon Vasquez Abelardo
18 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 1,06 per year
41. Lejarreta Marino - 1985 : positive control
42. Chozas Eduardo
43. Diaz Zabala Herminio
44. Fuerte Abelenda Anselmo
45. Hodge Stephen - 1991 : confessions in 2012
46. Martinez Torres Miguel-angel
47. Mauri Melchior
48. Villanueva Jose-luis
49. Weltz Johnny - 2000 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty)
51. Bugno Gianni - 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
52. Calcaterra Giuseppe - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
53. Giovannetti Marco
54. Gusmeroli Roberto
55. Passera Camillo
56. Santaromita Mauro-antonio - 1997 : blood test ; 199x : blood test (no penalty)
57. Schur Jan
58. Tebaldi Valerio
59. Zanatta Stefano
61. Bruyneel Johan - 199x : judicial investigation
62. De Clercq Peter
63. Moreels Sammie
64. Museeuw Johan - 2003 : judicial investigation ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
65. Nevens Jan
66. Redant Hendrik
67. Van Den Abbeele Frank
68. Van Slycke Rik - 1988 : positive control
69. Verschueren Patrick
71. Hampsten Andrew
72. Anderson Phil - 1983 : positive control
73. Bauer Steve
74. Bishop Andy
75. Carter Mike
76. Kiefel Ron
77. Lauritzen Dag-otto
78. Yates Sean - 1989 : positive control (no penalty)
79. Zimmermann Urs
15 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,67 per year
81. Parra Fabio
82. Esnault Patrice
83. Guerricagoitia Enrique
84. Leclerc Roland - 1989 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 199x : confessions in 2002
85. Montoya Alarcon Jesus
86. Murguialday Javier
87. Pedersen Per - 199x : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
88. Pensec Ronan
89. Quevedo Salazar Fernando
91. Fignon Laurent - 1984 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1987 : positive control ; 1987 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 198x : confessions in 2009 (no penalty)
92. Arnould Dominique
93. Bagot Jean-claude
94. Lavainne Christophe
95. Leblanc Luc - 1994 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions (no penalty)
96. Marie Thierry
97. Riis Bjarne - 198x : confessions in 2010 (no penalty) ; 1993 : confessions in 2007 ; 1995 : police investigation (no penalty)
98. Simon Pascal - 1983 : positive control
99. Vichot Frédéric
101. Delion Gilles
102. Demierre Serge
103. Gianetti Mauro - 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
104. Krieger Dominik
105. Manders Henri
106. Richard Pascal
107. Rue Gérard
108. Stevenhaagen Peter - 1988 : confessions (no penalty)
109. Winterberg Guido
11 years of existence, 2 cases, ie 0,18 per year
111. Herrera Luis
112. Camargo Alberto
113. Cardenas Ordus Henry
114. Chaparro Cardozo Arsenio
115. Jaramillo Meza Carlos-maria
116. Mejia Alvaro - 1987 : positive control
117. Moncada Guiza Gerardo
118. Montoya Reynel - 1991 : positive control (sanction not known)
119. De Jesus Vargas Oscar - 1992 : positive control
10 years of existence, 2 cases, ie 0,2 per year
121. Argentin Moreno
122. Cassani Davide
123. Cenghialta Bruno - 199x : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
124. Conti Roberto - 2002 : in the act
125. Elli Alberto - 2001 : in the act
126. Golz Rolf
127. Lelli Massimiliano
128. Lietti Marco
129. Sorensen Rolf - 199x : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1993 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
7 years of existence, 5 cases, ie 0,71 per year
131. Mottet Charly - 198x : confessions in 1989 (no penalty)
132. Caritoux Eric - 1986 : police control (no penalty)
133. Claveyrolat Thierry - 1986 : police control (no penalty)
134. Laurent Thierry - 1995 : confessions in 2000 (sanction not known) ; 1996 : positive control ; 1997 : confessions in 2003 (sanction not known) ; 1997 : blood test
135. Lino Pascal - 1993 : positive control ; 1996 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999
136. Madiot Marc - 198x : confessions in 1987 (no penalty)
137. Madiot Yvon
138. Ribeiro Mauro
139. Vermote Michel
25 years of existence, 30 cases, ie 1,2 per year
141. Theunisse Gert-jan - 1988 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 1990 : positive control
142. Barth Thomas
143. Harmeling Rob
144. Jdanov Vassili
145. Konyshev Dimitri
146. Schurer Eddy
147. Siemons Jan
148. Skibby Jesper - 1990 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1991 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty) ; 1992 : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
149. Ouslamine Serguei
20 years of existence, 9 cases, ie 0,45 per year
151. Dhaenens Rudy - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
152. Ekimov Viatcheslav
153. Fondriest Maurizio
154. Ludwig Olaf - 2006 : police investigation
155. Nulens Guy
156. Sergeant Marc - 1983 : positive control ; 1985 : positive control
157. Van Lancker Eric
158. Van Orsouw Marc - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
159. Zdhanov Dimitri
161. Wegmuller Thomas
162. Achermann Alfred - 1986 : police investigation (no penalty)
163. Bomans Carlo
164. Dernies Michel
165. Goessens Jan
166. Jaermann Rolf - 1994 : confessions in 1999 (no penalty)
167. Stutz Werner
168. Verdonck Rudy
168. Willems Ludwig
171. Ampler Uwe - 1993 : confessions in 1994 (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (no penalty)
172. De Wilde Etienne - 1987 : positive control (no penalty)
173. Holm Brian - 1996 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty) ; 199x : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
174. Kappes Andreas - 1997 : positive control ; 2000 : positive control (no penalty)
175. Lilholt Soren - 199x : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
176. Peeters Wilfried
177. Stumpf Remig
178. Van Itterbeeck Benjamin
179. Virvaleix Didier
181. Jalabert Laurent - 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
182. Abadie Henri
183. Bourguignon Thierry
184. Chaubet Christian
185. Gayant Martial
186. Lance Pascal
187. Louviot Philippe
188. Lurvik Olaf
189. Roux Denis
40 years of existence, 24 cases, ie 0,6 per year
191. Rooks Steven - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : confessions in 1998 & 2009 (no penalty)
192. De Vries Gerrit
193. Maassen Frans
194. Nijdam Jelle
195. Poels Twan
196. Solleveld Gerrit
197. Van Hooydonck Edwig
198. Vanderaerden Eric
199. Veenstra Wiebren
201. Roche Stephen - 1993 : police investigation
202. Carlsen John
203. Colotti Jean-claude
204. De Wolf Dirk
205. Jacobs Patrick
206. Moreau Francis - 1996 : positive control
207. Pedersen Atle
208. Pillon Laurent
209. Roche Lawrence
6 years of existence, 2 cases, ie 0,33 per year
211. Ruiz Cabestany Pello
212. Dominguez Diaz Manuel-jorge - 1992 : positive control
213. Duch Ballestar Javier
214. Emonds Nico - 1990 : positive control ; 1995 : positive control
215. Espinosa Sampere Francisco
216. Gaston Crespi Inaki
217. Leanizbarrutia Alberto
218. Mauleon Francisco
219. Oliveira Boga José-manuel