Tour de France 1988 : the real numbers of doping

Statistics

The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.

Teams	Riders	Pinned	Top 10	Pinned	Podium	Pinned
CARRERA	9	3	0	0	0	0
P.D.M	9	9	1	1	1	1
TOSHIBA	9	2	0	0	0	0
SYSTEME U	9	6	1	1	0	0
CAFE DE COLOMBIA	9	1	1	0	0	0
B.H.	9	3	1	0	0	0
7 ELEVEN-HOONVED	9	1	0	0	0	0
CAJA RURAL-ORBEA	9	4	0	0	0	0
HITACHI-BOSAL-B.C.E	9	3	0	0	0	0
CHATEAU D'AX	9	2	0	0	0	0
FAGOR	9	7	0	0	0	0
PANASONIC-ISOSTAR	9	2	1	1	0	0
Z-PEUGEOT	9	1	2	0	0	0
TEKA	9	2	0	0	0	0
KAS-CANAL 10-MAVIC	9	5	0	0	0	0
R.M.O-LIBERIA-MAVIC	9	1	0	0	0	0
SUPERCONFEX-YOKO	9	1	0	0	0	0
REYNOLDS	9	4	1	1	1	1
KELME	9	3	1	0	1	0
WEINMANN-LA SUISSE	9	0	1	0	0	0
A.D.R-MINI FLAT-IOC	9	2	0	0	0	0
SIGMA-FINA-DIAMANT	9	5	0	0	0	0
Total	198	67	10	4	3	2
Pourcentage		34%		40%		67%

Other data :

• Route : Pornichet - Paris
• Stages : 22
• Riders : 198
• Finishers : 150
• Distance : 3286 km
• Winning time : 84h 27'53"
• Average speed of the winner : 38,909 km/h
• Difference between winner and second rider : 7'13" ie 0,14 %
• Difference between winner and last rider : 3:28'41" ie 4,12 %
• Number of doping cases : 11

The official ranking

Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (30/01/2008)

1. Delgado Pedro in 84h27'53'' 1988 : positive control (no penalty)
2. Rooks Steven at 0h07'13'' 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : confessions in 1998 & 2009 (no penalty)
3. Parra Fabio at 0h09'58''
4. Bauer Steve at 0h12'15''
5. Boyer Eric at 0h14'04'' 198x : confessions in 2005 (no penalty)
6. Herrera Luis at 0h14'36''
7. Pensec Ronan at 0h16'52''
8. Pino Counago Alvaro at 0h18'36''
9. Winnen Peter at 0h19'12'' 1986 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty)
10. Roux Denis at 0h20'08''
11. Theunisse Gert-jan at 0h22'46'' 1988 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 1990 : positive control
12. Breukink Erik at 0h23'06''
13. Cubino Laudelino at 0h23'46'' 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
14. Criquielion Claude at 0h24'32'' 1985 : positive control (no penalty)
15. Hampsten Andrew at 0h26'00''
16. Lejarreta Marino at 0h26'36'' 1985 : positive control
17. Simon Pascal at 0h28'39'' 1983 : positive control
18. Caritoux Eric at 0h29'04'' 1986 : police control (no penalty)
19. Simon Jérôme at 0h30'55''
20. Alcala Gallegos Raul at 0h31'14''
21. Zadrobilek Gerhard at 0h32'09''
22. Visentini Roberto at 0h33'23'' 1988 : absence to control
23. Claveyrolat Thierry at 0h37'49'' 1986 : police control (no penalty)
24. Kuum Janus at 0h38'53''
25. Echave Musatadi Federico at 0h39'17'' 1995 : positive control (sanction not known)
26. Pedersen Jorgen-vagn at 0h39'24''
27. Muller Jörg (sui) at 0h40'53'' 1987 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
28. Vichot Frédéric at 0h42'00''
29. Stevenhaagen Peter at 0h45'27'' 1988 : confessions (no penalty)
30. Chozas Eduardo at 0h45'45''
31. Bouvatier Philippe at 0h48'14''
32. Sergeant Marc at 0h49'24'' 1983 : positive control ; 1985 : positive control
33. Lauritzen Dag-otto at 0h50'08''
34. Blanco Villar Jesus at 0h55'28''
35. Duclos-lassalle Gilbert at 0h57'21'' 1989 : absence to control (no penalty)
36. Van Den Brande Jean-philippe at 0h57'57''
37. Nulens Guy at 0h59'13''
38. Bagot Jean-claude at 0h59'47''
39. Bérard Charly at 1h00'08'' 1978 : positive control ; 1987 : positive control
40. Corredor Alvarez Edgar at 1h01'20''
41. Cadena Villejas Julio-cesar at 1h01'28''
42. Ruttimann Niki at 1h01'43''
43. Abadie Henri at 1h01'59''
44. Veldscholten Gérard at 1h02'32''
45. Kelly Sean at 1h02'54'' 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : positive control
46. Indurain Miguel at 1h03'15'' 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
47. Arnaud Dominique at 1h07'31''
48. Corredor Fonseca Israel at 1h07'50''
49. Wilson Michael at 1h09'31''
50. Jimenez Bautista José-patrocinio at 1h09'55''
51. Rodriguez Magro Jesus at 1h11'17''
52. Unzaga Bombin Jon at 1h12'17''
53. Weltz Johnny at 1h12'49'' 2000 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty)
54. Colotti Jean-claude at 1h15'00''
55. Haex Jozef at 1h15'16'' 1987 : positive control
56. Sanchez Martinez Mariano at 1h16'06''
57. Leclercq Jean-claude at 1h17'21''
58. Yates Sean at 1h17'25'' 1989 : positive control (no penalty)
59. Gorospe Julian at 1h17'33'' 1984 : positive control
60. Nevens Jan at 1h18'11''
61. Bugno Gianni at 1h19'09'' 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
62. Mujika Aramburu Jokin at 1h19'15''
63. Aja Enrique at 1h19'52''
64. Leleu Philippe at 1h21'51''
65. Madiot Marc at 1h22'34'' 198x : confessions in 1987 (no penalty)
66. Lavainne Christophe at 1h22'34''
67. Rominger Tony at 1h23'41'' 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
68. Kiefel Ron at 1h23'58''
69. Leclerc Roland at 1h25'17'' 1989 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 199x : confessions in 2002
70. Gayant Martial at 1h25'30''
71. Decrion Jacques at 1h26'44'' 1988 : positive control
72. Leon Castro Marco-antonio at 1h26'58''
73. Van Lancker Eric at 1h28'37''
74. Belda Vicente at 1h29'29'' 1982 : positive control ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 2006 : police investigation (sanction not known)
75. Van Orsouw Marc at 1h30'36'' 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
76. Leali Bruno at 1h30'50'' 2010 : police investigation
77. Esnault Patrice at 1h30'59''
78. Pozzi Alessandro 1 at 1h32'19''
79. De Wolf Dirk at 1h33'25''
80. Brun Frédéric at 1h33'32''
81. Lukin Morantin Luis Javier at 1h34'00''
82. Dietzen Raimund at 1h34'25'' 1987 : in the act (sanction not known)
83. Van Der Poel Adrie at 1h34'43'' 1983 : positive control ; 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
84. Ghirotto Massimo at 1h35'02''
85. Vanotti Ennio at 1h36'03''
86. Dhaenens Rudy at 1h36'16'' 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
87. Bibollet Michel at 1h38'14''
88. Peeters Ludo at 1h42'47''
89. Elliott Malcolm at 1h44'27'' 1992 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
90. Golz Rolf at 1h44'47''
91. Da Silva Acacio at 1h45'26'' 1984 : positive control
92. Garde Dominique at 1h46'44''
93. Clère Régis at 1h47'13'' 1986 : police investigation (no penalty)
94. Kuiper Hennie at 1h49'37''
95. Wijnants Jan at 1h49'56''
96. Gonzales Arsenio at 1h50'13''
97. Marie Thierry at 1h51'11''
98. Lilholt Soren at 1h51'58'' 199x : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
99. Rezze Dante at 1h53'03''
100. Morjean Stefan at 1h54'56''
101. De Wolf Alfons at 1h55'56''
102. De Wilde Etienne at 1h57'17'' 1987 : positive control (no penalty)
103. De La Cruz Martinez Roque at 1h57'52'' 1988 : positive control (sanction not known)
104. Phinney Davis at 1h58'08''
105. Bontempi Guido at 1h59'07'' 1987 : positive control ; 1993 : police investigation
106. Ridaura Sebastian Vicente-juan at 2h01'31''
107. Garnier Frédéric at 2h02'52''
108. Bergamo Marco at 2h05'43''
109. Kappes Andreas at 2h06'02'' 1997 : positive control ; 2000 : positive control (no penalty)
110. Sanchis Tormo Jose-salvador at 2h07'00''
111. Gaston Crespi Inaki at 2h07'49''
112. Veggerby Jens at 2h09'27'' 1993 : positive control
113. Murguialday Javier at 2h09'32''
114. Planckaert Eddy at 2h09'34'' 1988 : positive control ; 1991 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty)
115. Camarillo Angel at 2h10'29''
116. Prieto Celestino at 2h11'16''
117. Diaz Zabala Herminio at 2h11'42''
118. Hanegraaf Jaak at 2h12'11''
119. Pelier Joël at 2h13'28'' 1988 : positive control
120. Antequera Francisco at 2h13'55''
121. Nijdam Jelle at 2h15'59''
122. Simon Régis at 2h18'18''
123. Hoste Frank at 2h18'50''
124. Achermann Alfred at 2h19'26'' 1986 : police investigation (no penalty)
125. Maassen Frans at 2h19'43''
126. Poels Twan at 2h20'02''
127. Dominguez Diaz Manuel-jorge at 2h20'59'' 1992 : positive control
128. Casado Philippe at 2h21'31''
129. Lammerts Johan at 2h23'17''
130. Martens René at 2h24'52''
131. Solleveld Gerrit at 2h26'56''
132. Vermote Michel at 2h27'00''
133. Martinez Oliver Juan at 2h27'44''
134. Bishop Andy at 2h29'00'' 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
135. Maechler Erich at 2h29'37''
136. Van Slycke Rik at 2h33'03'' 1988 : positive control
137. Van Poppel Jean-paul at 2h35'09''
138. Jurco Milan at 2h35'45''
139. Bolts Hartmut at 2h36'26''
140. Magnago Walter at 2h37'52''
141. Zanatta Stefano at 2h38'23''
142. Verhoeven Nico at 2h42'20''
143. Dahlberg Nathan at 2h42'46''
144. Jakobs Gert at 2h45'28'' 1989 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1991 : positive control
145. Tabai Marco at 2h46'16''
146. Hermans Mathieu at 2h48'53'' 1989 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty)
147. Heynderickx Jean-pierre at 2h54'07''
148. Demol Dirk at 2h55'18''
149. Talen John at 3h05'02''
150. Wayenberg Dirk at 3h28'41''

reports a rider who was sanctioned in a doping case
reports a rider pinned in our doping directory but who has not been sanctioned or whose we are not aware of the possible sanction

The alternative ranking

The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.

1. Parra Fabio
2. Bauer Steve
3. Herrera Luis
4. Pensec Ronan
5. Pino Counago Alvaro
6. Roux Denis
7. Breukink Erik
8. Hampsten Andrew
9. Simon Jérôme
10. Alcala Gallegos Raul
11. Zadrobilek Gerhard
12. Kuum Janus
13. Pedersen Jorgen-vagn
14. Vichot Frédéric
15. Chozas Eduardo
16. Bouvatier Philippe
17. Lauritzen Dag-otto
18. Blanco Villar Jesus
19. Van Den Brande Jean-philippe
20. Nulens Guy
21. Bagot Jean-claude
22. Corredor Alvarez Edgar
23. Cadena Villejas Julio-cesar
24. Ruttimann Niki
25. Abadie Henri
26. Veldscholten Gérard
27. Arnaud Dominique
28. Corredor Fonseca Israel
29. Wilson Michael
30. Jimenez Bautista José-patrocinio
31. Rodriguez Magro Jesus
32. Unzaga Bombin Jon
33. Colotti Jean-claude
34. Sanchez Martinez Mariano
35. Leclercq Jean-claude
36. Nevens Jan
37. Mujika Aramburu Jokin
38. Aja Enrique
39. Leleu Philippe
40. Lavainne Christophe
41. Kiefel Ron
42. Gayant Martial
43. Leon Castro Marco-antonio
44. Van Lancker Eric
45. Esnault Patrice
46. Pozzi Alessandro 1
47. De Wolf Dirk
48. Brun Frédéric
49. Lukin Morantin Luis Javier
50. Ghirotto Massimo
51. Vanotti Ennio
52. Bibollet Michel
53. Peeters Ludo
54. Golz Rolf
55. Garde Dominique
56. Kuiper Hennie
57. Wijnants Jan
58. Gonzales Arsenio
59. Marie Thierry
60. Rezze Dante
61. Morjean Stefan
62. De Wolf Alfons
63. Phinney Davis
64. Ridaura Sebastian Vicente-juan
65. Garnier Frédéric
66. Bergamo Marco
67. Sanchis Tormo Jose-salvador
68. Gaston Crespi Inaki
69. Murguialday Javier
70. Camarillo Angel
71. Prieto Celestino
72. Diaz Zabala Herminio
73. Hanegraaf Jaak
74. Antequera Francisco
75. Nijdam Jelle
76. Simon Régis
77. Hoste Frank
78. Maassen Frans
79. Poels Twan
80. Casado Philippe
81. Lammerts Johan
82. Martens René
83. Solleveld Gerrit
84. Vermote Michel
85. Martinez Oliver Juan
86. Maechler Erich
87. Van Poppel Jean-paul
88. Jurco Milan
89. Bolts Hartmut
90. Magnago Walter
91. Zanatta Stefano
92. Verhoeven Nico
93. Dahlberg Nathan
94. Tabai Marco
95. Heynderickx Jean-pierre
96. Demol Dirk
97. Talen John
98. Wayenberg Dirk

List of doping cases during the race

Rider	Product	Race	Year	Sanction	Control
Bishop Andy	Bentelan	Tour de France	1988	Non	Enquête journalistique
De La Cruz Martinez Roque	Testostérone	Tour de France	1988	NSP*	Contrôle positif
Delgado Pedro	Probénécide	Tour de France	1988	Non	Contrôle positif
Dhaenens Rudy	Célestene, Bentelan, Neoton	Tour de France	1988	Non	Enquête journalistique
Janssen Peter	Expérience avec cortisone	Tour de France	1988	Oui	Aveux en 1991
Muller Jörg (SUI)	Célestene, Bentelan	Tour de France	1988	Non	Enquête journalistique
Rooks Steven	Célestene, Esafosfina, Neoton	Tour de France	1988	Non	Enquête journalistique
Stevenhaagen Peter	Célestene, Bentelan	Tour de France	1988	Non	Aveux
Theunisse Gert-Jan	Testostérone	Tour de France	1988	Oui	Contrôle positif
Theunisse Gert-Jan	Bentelan, Célestene, Esafosfina	Tour de France	1988	Non	Enquête journalistique
Van Der Poel Adrie	Bentelan	Tour de France	1988	Non	Enquête journalistique
Van Orsouw Marc	Célestene	Tour de France	1988	Non	Enquête journalistique

* Sanction not known

The list of participants

The list of participants by team

CARRERA

21 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,48 per year

1. Zimmermann Urs
2. Bergamo Marco
3. Bontempi Guido 1987 : positive control ; 1993 : police investigation
4. Ghirotto Massimo
5. Leali Bruno 2010 : police investigation
6. Maechler Erich
7. Magnago Walter
8. Tabai Marco
9. Visentini Roberto 1988 : absence to control

P.D.M

7 years of existence, 16 cases, ie 2,29 per year

11. Rooks Steven 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : confessions in 1998 & 2009 (no penalty)
12. Bishop Andy 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
13. Dhaenens Rudy 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
14. Knetemann Gerrie 1974 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1977 : positive control (no penalty)
15. Muller Jörg (sui) 1987 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
16. Stevenhaagen Peter 1988 : confessions (no penalty)
17. Theunisse Gert-jan 1988 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 1990 : positive control
18. Van Der Poel Adrie 1983 : positive control ; 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
19. Van Orsouw Marc 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)

TOSHIBA

8 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 1 per year

21. Bernard Jean-françois
22. Garnier Frédéric
23. Gayant Martial
24. Hanegraaf Jaak
25. Kappes Andreas 1997 : positive control ; 2000 : positive control (no penalty)
26. Lammerts Johan
27. Leleu Philippe
28. Madiot Marc 198x : confessions in 1987 (no penalty)
29. Madiot Yvon

SYSTEME U

24 years of existence, 21 cases, ie 0,88 per year

31. Fignon Laurent 1984 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1987 : positive control ; 1987 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 198x : confessions in 2009 (no penalty)
32. Boyer Eric 198x : confessions in 2005 (no penalty)
33. Decrion Jacques 1988 : positive control
34. Garde Dominique
35. Lavainne Christophe
36. Marie Thierry
37. Mottet Charly 198x : confessions in 1989 (no penalty)
38. Pelier Joël 1988 : positive control
39. Simon Pascal 1983 : positive control

CAFE DE COLOMBIA

6 years of existence, 1 case, ie 0,17 per year

41. Herrera Luis
42. Cabrera Samuel 2004 : positive control ; 2008 : positive control
43. Cadena Villejas Julio-cesar
44. Cardenas Ordus Henry
45. Corredor Alvarez Edgar
46. Corredor Fonseca Israel
47. Jimenez Bautista José-patrocinio
48. Leon Castro Marco-antonio
49. Ramirez Ramirez Martin-alonso

B.H.

15 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,67 per year

51. Fuerte Abelenda Anselmo
52. Antequera Francisco
53. Bouvatier Philippe
54. Cubino Laudelino 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
55. Dominguez Diaz Manuel-jorge 1992 : positive control
56. Echave Musatadi Federico 1995 : positive control (sanction not known)
57. Murguialday Javier
58. Pedersen Jorgen-vagn
59. Pino Counago Alvaro

7 ELEVEN-HOONVED

16 years of existence, 4 cases, ie 0,25 per year

61. Hampsten Andrew
62. Alcala Gallegos Raul
63. Kiefel Ron
64. Knickman Roy
65. Lauritzen Dag-otto
66. Phinney Davis
67. Pierce Jeff
68. Dahlberg Nathan
69. Veggerby Jens 1993 : positive control

CAJA RURAL-ORBEA

12 years of existence, 3 cases, ie 0,25 per year

71. Lejarreta Marino 1985 : positive control
72. Beuker Rene
73. De La Cruz Martinez Roque 1988 : positive control (sanction not known)
74. Hermans Mathieu 1989 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty)
75. Leclerc Roland 1989 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 199x : confessions in 2002
76. Mujika Aramburu Jokin
77. Nijboer Erwin
78. Ridaura Sebastian Vicente-juan
79. Sanchis Tormo Jose-salvador

HITACHI-BOSAL-B.C.E

81. Criquielion Claude 1985 : positive control (no penalty)
82. Bruyère Bruno
83. De Wolf Dirk
84. Haex Jozef 1987 : positive control
85. Morjean Stefan
86. Sergeant Marc 1983 : positive control ; 1985 : positive control
87. Van Den Brande Jean-philippe
88. Veenstra Wiebren
89. Wijnants Jan

CHATEAU D'AX

91. Bugno Gianni 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
92. Amadio Roberto
93. Giuliani Stefano
94. Jurco Milan
95. Pozzi Alessandro 1
96. Rominger Tony 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
97. Tebaldi Valerio
98. Vanotti Ennio
99. Zanatta Stefano

FAGOR

5 years of existence, 3 cases, ie 0,6 per year

101. Millar Robert 1992 : positive control ; 199x : confessions (no penalty)
102. Bagot Jean-claude
103. Bérard Charly 1978 : positive control ; 1987 : positive control
104. Elliott Malcolm 1992 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
105. Munoz Pedro 1982 : positive control ; 1984 : positive control
106. Richard Bernard
107. Schepers Eddy 1983 : positive control (sanction not known)
108. Weltz Johnny 2000 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty)
109. Yates Sean 1989 : positive control (no penalty)

PANASONIC-ISOSTAR

20 years of existence, 9 cases, ie 0,45 per year

111. Breukink Erik
112. De Rooy Theo 198x : confessions in 2014 (no penalty)
113. Lubberding Henk
114. Nulens Guy
115. Talen John
116. Vanderaerden Eric
117. Van Lancker Eric
118. Van Vliet Teun
119. Winnen Peter 1986 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty)

Z-PEUGEOT

67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year

121. Pensec Ronan
122. Abadie Henri
123. Brun Frédéric
124. Casado Philippe
125. Cornillet Bruno
126. Duclos-lassalle Gilbert 1989 : absence to control (no penalty)
127. Kvalsvoll Atle
128. Roux Denis
129. Simon Jérôme

TEKA

15 years of existence, 18 cases, ie 1,2 per year

131. Dietzen Raimund 1987 : in the act (sanction not known)
132. Aja Enrique
133. Blanco Villar Jesus
134. Camarillo Angel
135. Clère Régis 1986 : police investigation (no penalty)
136. Gonzales Arsenio
137. Gutierrez Gutierrez Alfonso
138. Hernandez Carlos
139. Sanchez Martinez Mariano

KAS-CANAL 10-MAVIC

8 years of existence, 9 cases, ie 1,13 per year

141. Kelly Sean 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : positive control
142. Achermann Alfred 1986 : police investigation (no penalty)
143. Caritoux Eric 1986 : police control (no penalty)
144. Da Silva Acacio 1984 : positive control
145. Earley Martin
146. Prieto Celestino
147. Sanders Gilles
148. Unzaga Bombin Jon
149. Van Calster Guido 1986 : positive control

R.M.O-LIBERIA-MAVIC

151. Esnault Patrice
152. Bibollet Michel
153. Bolts Hartmut
154. Claveyrolat Thierry 1986 : police control (no penalty)
155. Colotti Jean-claude
156. Mas Gilles
157. Rezze Dante
158. Simon Régis
159. Vermote Michel

SUPERCONFEX-YOKO

161. Golz Rolf
162. Jakobs Gert 1989 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1991 : positive control
163. Maassen Frans
164. Nijdam Jelle
165. Peeters Ludo
166. Poels Twan
167. Solleveld Gerrit
168. Van Poppel Jean-paul
169. Verhoeven Nico

REYNOLDS

44 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,66 per year

171. Delgado Pedro 1988 : positive control (no penalty)
172. Arnaud Dominique
173. Arroyo Angel 1979 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 1982 : positive control
174. Diaz Zabala Herminio
175. Gorospe Julian 1984 : positive control
176. Hernandez Riano Omar-pablo
177. Indurain Miguel 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
178. Lukin Morantin Luis Javier
179. Rodriguez Magro Jesus

KELME

36 years of existence, 27 cases, ie 0,75 per year

181. Parra Fabio
182. Belda Vicente 1982 : positive control ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 2006 : police investigation (sanction not known)
183. Chozas Eduardo
184. Coll Antonio 1981 : positive control
185. Gaston Crespi Inaki
186. Martinez Matei Ricardo
187. Martinez Oliver Juan
188. Recio José 1985 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1988 : positive control ; 1991 : positive control (sanction not known)
189. Vilamajo Jaime

WEINMANN-LA SUISSE

5 years of existence, 0 cases, ie 0 per year

191. Ruttimann Niki
192. Bauer Steve
193. Leclercq Jean-claude
194. Richard Pascal
195. Veldscholten Gérard
196. Vichot Frédéric
197. Wilson Michael
198. Winterberg Guido
199. Zadrobilek Gerhard

A.D.R-MINI FLAT-IOC

15 years of existence, 11 cases, ie 0,73 per year

201. Demol Dirk
202. De Wolf Alfons
203. Hoste Frank
204. Kuum Janus
205. Martens René
206. Museeuw Johan 2003 : judicial investigation ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
207. Onnockx Patrick
208. Planckaert Eddy 1988 : positive control ; 1991 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty)
209. Wayenberg Dirk

SIGMA-FINA-DIAMANT

6 years of existence, 6 cases, ie 1 per year

211. Kuiper Hennie
212. De Wilde Etienne 1987 : positive control (no penalty)
213. Heynderickx Jean-pierre
214. Ilegems Roger 1988 : positive control
215. Lilholt Soren 199x : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
216. Nevens Jan
217. Van Slycke Rik 1988 : positive control
218. Wijnant Willem
219. Wijnants Ludwig 1985 : positive control

reports a rider who was sanctioned in a doping case
reports a rider pinned in our doping directory but who has not been sanctioned or whose we are not aware of the possible sanction

Revue de presse du Tour de France 1988

• 23/01/2013 - «7 des 8 coureurs de l'équipe PDM étaient dopés sur le Tour 1988»
• 18/06/1998 - Tour de France 1988 - Le cas Delgado
• 07/1988 - L'honneur sauvé de Pedro Delgado
• 22/07/1988 - Le point sur la polémique Delgado

See also

• The real numbers of doping (fr)
• The real numbers of doping on the Tour of Italy
• The real numbers of doping on the Tour de France
• The real numbers of doping on the Tour of Spain
• The doping cases on the Tour de France (fr)
• 
• Notes de lecture Acheter ce livre sur amazon.fr
• Notes de lecture Acheter ce livre sur amazon.fr