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Tour de France 1988 : the real numbers of doping |
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The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.
Teams | Riders | Pinned | Top 10 | Pinned | Podium | Pinned |
CARRERA | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
P.D.M | 9 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
TOSHIBA | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SYSTEME U | 9 | 6 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
CAFE DE COLOMBIA | 9 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
B.H. | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 ELEVEN-HOONVED | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CAJA RURAL-ORBEA | 9 | 4 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
HITACHI-BOSAL-B.C.E | 9 | 3 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
CHATEAU D'AX | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
FAGOR | 9 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
PANASONIC-ISOSTAR | 9 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
Z-PEUGEOT | 9 | 1 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
TEKA | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
KAS-CANAL 10-MAVIC | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
R.M.O-LIBERIA-MAVIC | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SUPERCONFEX-YOKO | 9 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
REYNOLDS | 9 | 4 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
KELME | 9 | 3 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 |
WEINMANN-LA SUISSE | 9 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
A.D.R-MINI FLAT-IOC | 9 | 2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
SIGMA-FINA-DIAMANT | 9 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Total | 198 | 66 | 10 | 4 | 3 | 2 |
Pourcentage | 33% | 40% | 67% |
Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.
Other data :
Ranking source : http://www.memoire-du-cyclisme.net (30/01/2008)
The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.
The list of participants by team
21 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,48 per year
1. Zimmermann Urs
2. Bergamo Marco
3. Bontempi Guido - 1987 : positive control ; 1993 : police investigation
4. Ghirotto Massimo
5. Leali Bruno - 2010 : police investigation
6. Maechler Erich
7. Magnago Walter
8. Tabai Marco
9. Visentini Roberto - 1988 : absence to control
7 years of existence, 15 cases, ie 2,14 per year
11. Rooks Steven - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : confessions in 1998 & 2009 (no penalty)
12. Bishop Andy
13. Dhaenens Rudy - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
14. Knetemann Gerrie - 1974 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1977 : positive control (no penalty)
15. Muller Jörg (sui) - 1987 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known) ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
16. Stevenhaagen Peter - 1988 : confessions (no penalty)
17. Theunisse Gert-jan - 1988 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 1990 : positive control
18. Van Der Poel Adrie - 1983 : positive control ; 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
19. Van Orsouw Marc - 1988 : journalistic investigation (no penalty)
8 years of existence, 8 cases, ie 1 per year
21. Bernard Jean-françois
22. Garnier Frédéric
23. Gayant Martial
24. Hanegraaf Jaak
25. Kappes Andreas - 1997 : positive control ; 2000 : positive control (no penalty)
26. Lammerts Johan
27. Leleu Philippe
28. Madiot Marc - 198x : confessions in 1987 (no penalty)
29. Madiot Yvon
24 years of existence, 21 cases, ie 0,88 per year
31. Fignon Laurent - 1984 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1987 : positive control ; 1987 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1989 : positive control ; 198x : confessions in 2009 (no penalty)
32. Boyer Eric - 198x : confessions in 2005 (no penalty)
33. Decrion Jacques - 1988 : positive control
34. Garde Dominique
35. Lavainne Christophe
36. Marie Thierry
37. Mottet Charly - 198x : confessions in 1989 (no penalty)
38. Pelier Joël - 1988 : positive control
39. Simon Pascal - 1983 : positive control
6 years of existence, 1 case, ie 0,17 per year
41. Herrera Luis
42. Cabrera Samuel - 2004 : positive control ; 2008 : positive control
43. Cadena Villejas Julio-cesar
44. Cardenas Ordus Henry
45. Corredor Alvarez Edgar
46. Corredor Fonseca Israel
47. Jimenez Bautista José-patrocinio
48. Leon Castro Marco-antonio
49. Ramirez Ramirez Martin-alonso
15 years of existence, 10 cases, ie 0,67 per year
51. Fuerte Abelenda Anselmo
52. Antequera Francisco
53. Bouvatier Philippe
54. Cubino Laudelino - 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
55. Dominguez Diaz Manuel-jorge - 1992 : positive control
56. Echave Musatadi Federico - 1995 : positive control (sanction not known)
57. Murguialday Javier
58. Pedersen Jorgen-vagn
59. Pino Counago Alvaro
16 years of existence, 4 cases, ie 0,25 per year
61. Hampsten Andrew
62. Alcala Gallegos Raul
63. Kiefel Ron
64. Knickman Roy
65. Lauritzen Dag-otto
66. Phinney Davis
67. Pierce Jeff
68. Dahlberg Nathan
69. Veggerby Jens - 1993 : positive control
12 years of existence, 3 cases, ie 0,25 per year
71. Lejarreta Marino - 1985 : positive control
72. Beuker Rene
73. De La Cruz Martinez Roque - 1988 : positive control (sanction not known)
74. Hermans Mathieu - 1989 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty)
75. Leclerc Roland - 1989 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 199x : confessions in 2002
76. Mujika Aramburu Jokin
77. Nijboer Erwin
78. Ridaura Sebastian Vicente-juan
79. Sanchis Tormo Jose-salvador
81. Criquielion Claude - 1985 : positive control (no penalty)
82. Bruyère Bruno
83. De Wolf Dirk
84. Haex Jozef - 1987 : positive control
85. Morjean Stefan
86. Sergeant Marc - 1983 : positive control ; 1985 : positive control
87. Van Den Brande Jean-philippe
88. Veenstra Wiebren
89. Wijnants Jan
91. Bugno Gianni - 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
92. Amadio Roberto
93. Giuliani Stefano
94. Jurco Milan
95. Pozzi Alessandro 1
96. Rominger Tony - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
97. Tebaldi Valerio
98. Vanotti Ennio
99. Zanatta Stefano
5 years of existence, 3 cases, ie 0,6 per year
101. Millar Robert - 1992 : positive control ; 199x : confessions (no penalty)
102. Bagot Jean-claude
103. Bérard Charly - 1978 : positive control ; 1987 : positive control
104. Elliott Malcolm - 1992 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
105. Munoz Pedro - 1982 : positive control ; 1984 : positive control
106. Richard Bernard
107. Schepers Eddy - 1983 : positive control (sanction not known)
108. Weltz Johnny - 2000 : confessions in 2015 (no penalty)
109. Yates Sean - 1989 : positive control (no penalty)
111. Breukink Erik
112. De Rooy Theo - 198x : confessions in 2014 (no penalty)
113. Lubberding Henk
114. Nulens Guy
115. Talen John
116. Vanderaerden Eric
117. Van Lancker Eric
118. Van Vliet Teun
119. Winnen Peter - 1986 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty)
67 years of existence, 75 cases, ie 1,12 per year
121. Pensec Ronan
122. Abadie Henri
123. Brun Frédéric
124. Casado Philippe
125. Cornillet Bruno
126. Duclos-lassalle Gilbert - 1989 : absence to control (no penalty)
127. Kvalsvoll Atle
128. Roux Denis
129. Simon Jérôme
15 years of existence, 18 cases, ie 1,2 per year
131. Dietzen Raimund - 1987 : in the act (sanction not known)
132. Aja Enrique
133. Blanco Villar Jesus
134. Camarillo Angel
135. Clère Régis - 1986 : police investigation (no penalty)
136. Gonzales Arsenio
137. Gutierrez Gutierrez Alfonso
138. Hernandez Carlos
139. Sanchez Martinez Mariano
8 years of existence, 9 cases, ie 1,13 per year
141. Kelly Sean - 1984 : positive control ; 1988 : positive control
142. Achermann Alfred - 1986 : police investigation (no penalty)
143. Caritoux Eric - 1986 : police control (no penalty)
144. Da Silva Acacio - 1984 : positive control
145. Earley Martin
146. Prieto Celestino
147. Sanders Gilles
148. Unzaga Bombin Jon
149. Van Calster Guido - 1986 : positive control
151. Esnault Patrice
152. Bibollet Michel
153. Bolts Hartmut
154. Claveyrolat Thierry - 1986 : police control (no penalty)
155. Colotti Jean-claude
156. Mas Gilles
157. Rezze Dante
158. Simon Régis
159. Vermote Michel
161. Golz Rolf
162. Jakobs Gert - 1989 : confessions in 2009 (no penalty) ; 1991 : positive control
163. Maassen Frans
164. Nijdam Jelle
165. Peeters Ludo
166. Poels Twan
167. Solleveld Gerrit
168. Van Poppel Jean-paul
169. Verhoeven Nico
44 years of existence, 29 cases, ie 0,66 per year
171. Delgado Pedro - 1988 : positive control (no penalty)
172. Arnaud Dominique
173. Arroyo Angel - 1979 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 1982 : positive control
174. Diaz Zabala Herminio
175. Gorospe Julian - 1984 : positive control
176. Hernandez Riano Omar-pablo
177. Indurain Miguel - 1994 : positive control (no penalty)
178. Lukin Morantin Luis Javier
179. Rodriguez Magro Jesus
36 years of existence, 27 cases, ie 0,75 per year
181. Parra Fabio
182. Belda Vicente - 1982 : positive control ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 2006 : police investigation (sanction not known)
183. Chozas Eduardo
184. Coll Antonio - 1981 : positive control
185. Gaston Crespi Inaki
186. Martinez Matei Ricardo
187. Martinez Oliver Juan
188. Recio José - 1985 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1988 : positive control ; 1991 : positive control (sanction not known)
189. Vilamajo Jaime
191. Ruttimann Niki
192. Bauer Steve
193. Leclercq Jean-claude
194. Richard Pascal
195. Veldscholten Gérard
196. Vichot Frédéric
197. Wilson Michael
198. Winterberg Guido
199. Zadrobilek Gerhard
15 years of existence, 11 cases, ie 0,73 per year
201. Demol Dirk
202. De Wolf Alfons
203. Hoste Frank
204. Kuum Janus
205. Martens René
206. Museeuw Johan - 2003 : judicial investigation ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
207. Onnockx Patrick
208. Planckaert Eddy - 1988 : positive control ; 1991 : confessions in 1998 (no penalty)
209. Wayenberg Dirk
6 years of existence, 6 cases, ie 1 per year
211. Kuiper Hennie
212. De Wilde Etienne - 1987 : positive control (no penalty)
213. Heynderickx Jean-pierre
214. Ilegems Roger - 1988 : positive control
215. Lilholt Soren - 199x : confessions in 2006 (no penalty)
216. Nevens Jan
217. Van Slycke Rik - 1988 : positive control
218. Wijnant Willem
219. Wijnants Ludwig - 1985 : positive control