Tour of Spain 1998 : the real numbers of doping

Tadej Pogacar, Mauro Gianetti's poulain archi-favors
 Traduire en français


Last update 27/08/2025 - cyclisme-dopage.com

Statistics

The table below establishes, team by team, the count of the riders who have been or will be subsequently "pinned" in doping cases.

Teams Riders Pinned Top 10 Pinned Podium Pinned
Festina 9 6 1 1 0 0
Avianca 9 4 0 0 0 0
Banesto 9 6 2 2 2 2
Brescialat 9 4 1 1 0 0
Cantina Tollo 9 6 0 0 0 0
Casino 9 4 0 0 0 0
Cofidis 9 2 0 0 0 0
Crédit Agricole 9 1 0 0 0 0
Estepona 9 0 0 0 0 0
Euskaltel 9 2 1 1 0 0
Kelme 9 5 3 2 1 0
Lotto 9 5 0 0 0 0
Mapei 9 6 0 0 0 0
ONCE 9 2 1 1 0 0
Polti 9 3 0 0 0 0
Post Swiss 9 3 0 0 0 0
Rabobank 9 5 0 0 0 0
Saeco 9 5 0 0 0 0
Telekom 9 4 0 0 0 0
TVM 9 8 0 0 0 0
US Postal 9 6 1 1 0 0
Vitalicio Seguros 8 3 0 0 0 0
Total 197 90 10 9 3 2
Pourcentage 46% 90% 67%

Pinned: Number of riders who violated the anti-doping rules.
Included in this category: riders who have been tested positive (including refuse to submit to doping control or hematocrit> 50%), having acknowledged having doped, having been sanctioned (by the justice, their federation or their team).
Not included (for example) : those whose sample B was negative.
Top 10: number of riders present in the top 10 of the final general classification.
Podium: number of riders present in the first 3 of the final general classification.

Other data :


The official ranking

Ranking source : www.tour-giro-vuelta.net (11/10/2010)

  1. Olano Abraham in 93h44'08'' Red card 1994 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
  2. Escartin Fernando at 0h01'23''
  3. Jimenez José Maria at 0h02'12'' Yellow card 199x : dead in 2003 ; 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
  4. Armstrong Lance at 0h02'18'' Red card 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry
  5. Jalabert Laurent at 0h02'37'' Yellow card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
  6. Heras Roberto at 0h02'58'' Yellow card 2005 : positive control (no penalty)
  7. Gonzalez Galdeano Alvaro at 0h05'51'' Red card 2000 : positive control ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
  8. Zülle Alex at 0h06'05'' Red card 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
  9. Serpellini Marco at 0h08'58'' Yellow card 2005 : police investigation (sanction not known)
  10. Serrano Rodriguez Marcos-antonio at 0h10'17'' Yellow card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
  11. Virenque Richard at 0h13'33'' Red card 1994 : confessions in 2000 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair (sanction not known) ; 1999 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
  12. Odriozola Mugar. Jon at 0h14'05'' Yellow card 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
  13. Beltran Manuel at 0h16'42'' Red card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2008 : positive control
  14. Castelblanco Joaquim-josé at 0h21'28'' Red card 1996 : positive control ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2004 : positive control
  15. Camenzind Oscar at 0h22'25'' Red card 2004 : positive control
  16. Plaza David at 0h26'00''
  17. Gougot Fabrice at 0h30'05''
  18. Simoni Gilberto at 0h30'32'' Red card 1998 : blood test ; 2002 : positive control (no penalty) ; 2002 : positive control (no penalty)
  19. Garcia Casas Felix Manuel at 0h31'58''
  20. Gualdi Mirko at 0h36'01''
  21. Osa Aitor at 0h36'39''
  22. Aiarzaguena Urkidi Inaki at 0h40'55''
  23. Castresana Angel at 0h44'28''
  24. Moller Klaus-michael at 0h45'06'' Red card 1999 : positive control
  25. Rubiera Vigil José-luis at 0h47'30''
  26. Aebersold Niki at 0h47'43''
  27. Chaurreau Inigo at 0h50'33''
  28. Uriarte José-ramon at 0h54'09''
  29. Etxebarria Alkorta David at 0h55'25'' Red card 2004 : positive control
  30. Gonzalez Gutierrez Arsenio at 0h57'09''
  31. Blanco Gil Santiago at 0h57'42''
  32. Brochard Laurent at 0h57'56'' Red card 1991 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control
  33. Dierckxsens Ludo at 1h01'02'' Red card 1999 : confessions in 1999
  34. Mauri-prat Melchior at 1h02'41''
  35. Zarrabeitia Mikel at 1h03'42''
  36. Sgambelluri Roberto at 1h03'53'' Red card 2002 : positive control
  37. Pascual Llorente Javier at 1h08'38'' Red card 2003 : positive control
  38. Vicario Barbera Juan-carlos at 1h09'30''
  39. Kokorine Vitaly at 1h11'05''
  40. Aerts Mario at 1h11'23''
  41. Etxebarria Arana Unai at 1h14'28''
  42. Bessy Frederic at 1h15'04''
  43. Munoz Fernandez Federico at 1h16'09'' Red card 2004 : positive control
  44. Aguirre Cabrera Julio-cesar at 1h18'41''
  45. Valoti Gianluca at 1h18'42''
  46. Chanteur Pascal at 1h19'03'' Yellow card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
  47. Garcia Acosta Jose-vicente at 1h27'08''
  48. Boogerd Michael at 1h32'35'' Red card 2005 : confessions in 2013
  49. Anguita Hinojosa Eleuterio at 1h33'31''
  50. Cali Vincent at 1h33'45'' Yellow card 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
  51. Cuesta Lopez De Cas. Inigo at 1h35'38''
  52. Commesso Salvatore at 1h38'27'' Red card 2001 : in the act
  53. Sierra Roberto at 1h42'34''
  54. Leanizbarrutia Alberto at 1h42'46''
  55. Figueras Giuliano at 1h43'02'' Red card 2001 : positive control ; 2002 : positive control
  56. Zberg Markus at 1h43'32''
  57. Huser Rolf at 1h47'13''
  58. Sorensen Rolf at 1h49'48'' Yellow card 199x : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1993 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
  59. Bourquenoud Pierre at 1h59'05'' Red card 2021 : disciplinary investigation
  60. Smetanine Serguei at 2h01'11''
  61. Buschor Philipp at 2h01'43''
  62. Guidi Fabrizio at 2h03'08'' Yellow card 2005 : positive control (no penalty)
  63. Rodriguez Garcia José at 2h05'05''
  64. De Wolf Steve at 2h09'02'' Yellow card 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
  65. Hotz Franz at 2h09'03''
  66. Mattan Nico at 2h09'37'' Red card 2000 : positive control ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
  67. Frattini Cristiano at 2h10'58''
  68. Fernandez Gines Manuel at 2h11'50''
  69. Lafis Michel at 2h13'10''
  70. Totschnig Georg at 2h17'53'' Yellow card 2005 : judicial investigation (sanction not known)
  71. Diaz Zabala Herminio at 2h20'53''
  72. Peers Chris at 2h21'30'' Red card 2003 : judicial investigation
  73. Wauters Marc at 2h21'43''
  74. Diaz De Otazu Luis-maria at 2h27'04''
  75. Edo Alsina Angel at 2h27'43'' Red card 1998 : blood test
  76. Piccoli Mariano at 2h32'49'' Red card 1999 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (no penalty) ; 2005 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 2010 : police investigation ; 201x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
  77. Frizzo Maurizio at 2h32'51''
  78. Dietz Bert at 2h36'46'' Yellow card 1994 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
  79. Cabello Luque Francisco at 2h38'20'' Red card 1994 : positive control (5 times)
  80. Hundertmarck Kai at 2h40'25''
  81. Meinert-nielsen Peter at 2h41'29'' Red card 1993 : positive control
  82. Bertolini Alessandro at 2h45'09'' Yellow card 1997 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : blood test (sanction not known)
  83. Bugno Gianni at 2h49'18'' Red card 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
  84. Laukka Joona at 2h51'27''
  85. Marichal Thierry at 2h52'02'' Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
  86. Chassot Richard at 2h52'44'' Yellow card 199x : confessions in 2008 (no penalty)
  87. Paradis Daniel at 2h53'26'' Red card 2006 : absence to control
  88. Salvato Cristian at 2h54'43''
  89. Vandevelde Christian at 2h56'33'' Red card 1999 : confessions in 2012 ; 2004 : confessions in 2012 ; 2004 : confessions in 2012
  90. Peschel Uwe at 2h59'55''
  91. Rich Michael at 3h00'57''
  92. Cagigas Amedo Matias at 3h04'54''
  93. Van Heeswijk Max at 3h05'50'' Yellow card 2007 : confessions in 2011 (no penalty)
  94. Hoffman Tristan at 3h06'06'' Yellow card 1998 : positive control (no penalty)
  95. Raimondi Gian Carlo at 3h09'44''
  96. Morscher Harald at 3h10'13'' Red card 1999 : blood test
  97. Leon Francisco at 3h11'36''
  98. Ivanov Ruslan at 3h12'32''
  99. Beuchat Roger at 3h29'04''
  100. Agnolutto Christophe at 3h30'43''
  101. Bramati Davide at 3h31'07''
  102. Lotz Marc at 3h36'03'' Red card 2005 : judicial investigation and confessions
  103. Rokia Anthony at 3h38'59'' Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
  104. Trentin Guido at 3h42'57'' Yellow card 2006 : police investigation (sanction not known)
  105. Wust Marcel at 3h45'21''
  106. Vaughters Jonathan at 3h46'13'' Yellow card 1996 : confessions in 2012 (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 2012 (no penalty)
  107. Nieto Fernandez German at 4h09'30''

Red card reports a rider who was sanctioned in a doping case
Yellow card reports a rider pinned in our doping directory but who has not been sanctioned or whose we are not aware of the possible sanction


The alternative ranking

The ranking as it would be if we excluded all racers "pinned" in doping cases during their career.

  1. Escartin Fernando
  2. Plaza David
  3. Gougot Fabrice
  4. Garcia Casas Felix Manuel
  5. Gualdi Mirko
  6. Osa Aitor
  7. Aiarzaguena Urkidi Inaki
  8. Castresana Angel
  9. Rubiera Vigil José-luis
  10. Aebersold Niki
  11. Chaurreau Inigo
  12. Uriarte José-ramon
  13. Gonzales Arsenio
  14. Blanco Gil Santiago
  15. Mauri Melchior
  16. Zarrabeitia Mikel
  17. Vicario Barbera Juan-carlos
  18. Kokorine Vitaly
  19. Aerts Mario
  20. Etxebarria Arana Unai
  21. Bessy Frédéric
  22. Aguirre Julio-cesar
  23. Valoti Gianluca
  24. Garcia Acosta Jose-vicente
  25. Anguita Hinojosa Eleuterio
  26. Cuesta Lopez De Castro Inigo
  27. Sierra Roberto
  28. Leanizbarrutia Alberto
  29. Zberg Marcus
  30. Huser Rolf
  31. Smetanine Serguei
  32. Buschor Philipp
  33. Rodriguez Garcia José
  34. Hotz Franz
  35. Frattini Cristiano
  36. Fernandez Gines Manuel
  37. Lafis Michel
  38. Diaz Zabala Herminio
  39. Wauters Marc
  40. Diaz De Otazu Luis-maria
  41. Frizzo Maurizio
  42. Hundertmarck Kai
  43. Laukka Joona
  44. Salvato Cristian
  45. Peschel Uwe
  46. Rich Michael
  47. Cagigas Amedo Matias
  48. Raimondi Gian Carlo
  49. Leon Francisco
  50. Ivanov Ruslan
  51. Beuchat Roger
  52. Agnolutto Christophe
  53. Bramati Davide
  54. Wust Marcel
  55. Nieto Fernandez German


List of doping cases during the race

Rider Product Race Year Sanction Control
Clavero Sebastian Daniel Hématocrite > 50% Tour d'Espagne 1998 Oui Analyse sang
Dominguez Juan-Carlos Hématocrite > 50% Tour d'Espagne 1998 Oui Analyse sang


The list of participants

The list of participants by team

Festina

12 years of existence, 30 cases, ie 2,5 per year

1. Zülle Alex Red card 1993 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1994 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)
2. Brochard Laurent Red card 1991 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 ; 1998 : positive control
3. Dufaux Laurent Red card 1998 : blood test, urine, hair, confessions in 1998
4. Garcia Casas Felix Manuel
5. Hervé Pascal Red card 1998 : blood test, urine, hair ; 1998 : confessions in 2000 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : positive control
6. Rous Didier Red card 1998 : analyses sang, urine, cheveux et aveux en 1998
7. Uriarte José-ramon
8. Virenque Richard Red card 1994 : confessions in 2000 ; 1998 : blood test, urine, hair (sanction not known) ; 1999 : blood test (sanction not known) ; 1999 : confessions in 1999 (sanction not known)
9. Wust Marcel

Avianca

2 years of existence, 0 cases, ie 0 per year

11. Castelblanco Joaquim-josé Red card 1996 : positive control ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2004 : positive control
12. Aguirre Cabrera Julio-cesar
13. Hernandez Montoya Jairo
14. Leon Francisco
15. Pascual Llorente Javier Red card 2003 : positive control
16. Mesa Saavedra Luis Ricardo
17. Munoz Fernandez Federico Red card 2004 : positive control
18. Osorio Tamayo Carlos Andres
19. Peña Victor-hugo Yellow card 2002 : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)

Banesto

46 years of existence, 30 cases, ie 0,65 per year

21. Olano Abraham Red card 1994 : positive control ; 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
22. Beltran Manuel Red card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry (no penalty) ; 2008 : positive control
23. De Las Cuevas Armand Red card 1995 : border control ; 2006 : positive control
24. Fernandez Gines Manuel
25. Garcia Acosta Jose-vicente
26. Garmendia Arbilla Aitor Red card 1998 : blood test
27. Jimenez José Maria Yellow card 199x : dead in 2003 ; 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
28. Odriozola Mugar. Jon Yellow card 1997 : absence to control (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
29. Osa Aitor

Brescialat

13 years of existence, 3 cases, ie 0,23 per year

31. Contrini Daniele
32. Frattini Cristiano
33. Ivanov Ruslan
34. Milesi Marco
35. Piccoli Mariano Red card 1999 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (no penalty) ; 2005 : police investigation (sanction not known) ; 2010 : police investigation ; 201x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
36. Raimondi Gian Carlo
37. Serpellini Marco Yellow card 2005 : police investigation (sanction not known)
38. Sgambelluri Roberto Red card 2002 : positive control
39. Moreni Cristian Red card 2007 : positive control

Cantina Tollo

12 years of existence, 15 cases, ie 1,25 per year

41. Honchar Serhiy Red card 1999 : blood test ; 2007 : blood test
42. Frizzo Maurizio
43. Gentili Massimiliano
44. Giunti Massimo Red card 2010 : positive control
45. Hvastija Martin Red card 2001 : in the act
46. Rittsel Martin
47. Simoni Gilberto Red card 1998 : blood test ; 2002 : positive control (no penalty) ; 2002 : positive control (no penalty)
48. Strazzer Massimo Yellow card 2001 : positive control (no penalty)
49. Trentin Guido Yellow card 2006 : police investigation (sanction not known)

Casino

34 years of existence, 19 cases, ie 0,56 per year

51. Agnolutto Christophe
52. Aus Lauri
53. Bessy Frederic
54. Cali Vincent Yellow card 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
55. Chanteur Pascal Yellow card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
56. Gougot Fabrice
57. Kasputis Arturas
58. Kirsipuu Jan Yellow card 1993 : positive control (sanction not known)
59. Massi Rodolfo Red card 1998 : in the act ; 1998 : confessions in 1998 (sanction not known)

Cofidis

30 years of existence, 21 cases, ie 0,7 per year

61. Bertolini Alessandro Yellow card 1997 : positive control (sanction not known) ; 2000 : blood test (sanction not known)
62. Capelle Christophe
63. Fondriest Maurizio
64. Gaumont Philippe Red card 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1996 : positive control ; 1998 : positive control (2 times) (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test ; 2004 : confessions
65. Goubert Stéphane
66. Gwiazdowski Gregor
67. Plaza David
68. Saugrain Cyril
69. Thibout Bruno

Crédit Agricole

67 years of existence, 76 cases, ie 1,13 per year

71. Boardman Christopher
72. Bos Cyril
73. Moncassin Frédéric Yellow card 199x : confessions in 2000 (no penalty) ; 1998 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty)
74. Perraudeau Olivier
75. Petilleau Stephane
76. Pretot Arnaud
77. Seigneur Eddy
78. Vasseur Cédric
79. Vogels Henk

Estepona

81. Anguita Hinojosa Eleuterio
82. Cagigas Amedo Matias
83. Cerezo Perales Francisco
84. Cerioli Ivan
85. Miranda Gonzales Carmelo
86. Moratilla Victor
87. Nieto Fernandez German
88. Peschel Uwe
89. Vicario Barbera Juan-carlos

Euskaltel

20 years of existence, 13 cases, ie 0,65 per year

91. Chaurreau Inigo
92. Etxebarria Arana Unai
93. Fernandez Bustinza Bingen
94. Castresana Angel
95. Gonzalez Arrieta José-ramon
96. Gonzalez Galdeano Alvaro Red card 2000 : positive control ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
97. Gonzalez Galdeano Igor Red card 2002 : positive control
98. Laiseka Jaoi Roberto
99. Aiarzaguena Urkidi Inaki

Kelme

36 years of existence, 27 cases, ie 0,75 per year

101. Escartin Fernando
102. Cabello Luque Francisco Red card 1994 : positive control (5 times)
103. Edo Alsina Angel Red card 1998 : blood test
104. Gonzalez Gutierrez Arsenio
105. Gonzalez Pico Jaime "chepe" Red card 2001 : in the act
106. Heras Roberto Yellow card 2005 : positive control (no penalty)
107. Rodriguez Garcia José
108. Rubiera Vigil José-luis
109. Serrano Rodriguez Marcos-antonio Yellow card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)

Lotto

111. Aerts Mario
112. De Wolf Steve Yellow card 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty)
113. Dierckxsens Ludo Red card 1999 : confessions in 1999
114. Laukka Joona
115. Madouas Laurent Red card 1994 : positive control
116. Marichal Thierry Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
117. Peers Chris Red card 2003 : judicial investigation
118. Tchmil Andrei
119. Teteriouk Andrei

Mapei

121. Vandenbroucke Frank Red card 1996 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : blood test and confessions in 2008 ; 2002 : in the act ; 2008 : police investigation
122. Bramati Davide
123. Bugno Gianni Red card 1994 : positive control ; 1997 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : in the act
124. Di Grande Giuseppe Red card 2001 : in the act
125. Figueras Giuliano Red card 2001 : positive control ; 2002 : positive control
126. Lanfranchi Paolo
127. Mattan Nico Red card 2000 : positive control ; 200x : confessions in 2007 (no penalty)
128. Svorada Jan
129. Camenzind Oscar Red card 2004 : positive control

ONCE

18 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,11 per year

131. Jalabert Laurent Yellow card 1998 : senate inquiry (no penalty)
132. Cuesta Lopez De Cas. Inigo
133. Diaz De Otazu Luis-maria
134. Diaz Zabala Herminio
135. Etxebarria Alkorta David Red card 2004 : positive control
136. Leanizbarrutia Alberto
137. Mauri-prat Melchior
138. Sierra Roberto
139. Zarrabeitia Mikel

Polti

18 years of existence, 9 cases, ie 0,5 per year

141. Guerini Giuseppe
142. Atienza Daniel
143. Crepaldi Mirko Yellow card 2018 : police investigation (sanction not known)
144. Gualdi Mirko
145. Guidi Fabrizio Yellow card 2005 : positive control (no penalty)
146. Rokia Anthony Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
147. Salvato Cristian
148. Valoti Gianluca
149. Zinetti Mauro

Post Swiss

151. Aebersold Niki
152. Beuchat Roger
153. Bourquenoud Pierre Red card 2021 : disciplinary investigation
154. Chassot Richard Yellow card 199x : confessions in 2008 (no penalty)
155. Hotz Franz
156. Huser Rolf
157. Paradis Daniel Red card 2006 : absence to control
158. Wirz Guido
159. Zberg Markus

Rabobank

42 years of existence, 23 cases, ie 0,55 per year

161. Boogerd Michael Red card 2005 : confessions in 2013
162. Dekker Eric Red card 1999 : positive control
163. Lotz Marc Red card 2005 : judicial investigation and confessions
164. Mcewen Robbie
165. Moerenhout Jacobus (koos)
166. Sorensen Rolf Yellow card 199x : confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 1993 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
167. Van Bon Leon
168. Van Heeswijk Max Yellow card 2007 : confessions in 2011 (no penalty)
169. Wauters Marc

Saeco

15 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,33 per year

171. Morscher Harald Red card 1999 : blood test
172. Buschor Philipp
173. Commesso Salvatore Red card 2001 : in the act
174. Frigo Dario Red card 1996 : confessions in 2001 (sanction not known) ; 2001 : confessions in 2001 ; 2005 : judicial investigation and confessions
175. Kokorine Vitaly
176. Padrnos Pavel Yellow card 2001 : in the act (sanction not known)
177. Moos Alexandre
178. Rich Michael
179. Savoldelli Paolo Red card 2005 : disciplinary investigation

Telekom

23 years of existence, 33 cases, ie 1,43 per year

181. Kloden Andreas
182. Baldinger Dirk
183. Blaudzun Michael
184. Dietz Bert Yellow card 1994 : confessions in 2007 (sanction not known)
185. Hundertmarck Kai
186. Lombardi Giovanni Yellow card 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
187. Muller Dirk Red card 199x : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 2000 : positive control
188. Schaffrath Jan
189. Totschnig Georg Yellow card 2005 : judicial investigation (sanction not known)

TVM

25 years of existence, 30 cases, ie 1,2 per year

191. Blijlevens Jeroen Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : senate inquiry and confessions in 2013 (no penalty) ; 2001 : police investigation (sanction not known)
192. De Jongh Steven Red card 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions
193. Knaven Servais Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
194. Lafis Michel
195. Moller Klaus-michael Red card 1999 : positive control
196. Ouchakov Serguei Red card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty) ; 1999 : positive control
197. Hoffman Tristan Yellow card 1998 : positive control (no penalty)
198. Van Petegem Peter Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation (no penalty)
199. Voskamp Bart Yellow card 1998 : judicial investigation and confessions (no penalty)

US Postal

17 years of existence, 20 cases, ie 1,18 per year

201. Armstrong Lance Red card 1999 : positive control (no penalty) ; 1999 : laboratory inquiry
202. Ekimov Vjatceslav
203. Llaneras Juan Yellow card 2001 : positive control (no penalty)
204. Meinert-nielsen Peter Red card 1993 : positive control
205. Robin Jean-cyril Yellow card 199x : confessions in 2004 (sanction not known)
206. Teutenberg Sven
207. Vandevelde Christian Red card 1999 : confessions in 2012 ; 2004 : confessions in 2012 ; 2004 : confessions in 2012
208. Vaughters Jonathan Yellow card 1996 : confessions in 2012 (no penalty) ; 1997 : confessions (no penalty) ; 1998 : confessions in 2012 (no penalty)
209. Villatoro Anton

Vitalicio Seguros

3 years of existence, 4 cases, ie 1,33 per year

211. Casero Moreno Angel-luis Yellow card 1996 : positive control (no penalty)
212. Blanco Gil Santiago
213. Aggiano Elio
214. Clavero Sebastian Daniel Red card 1998 : blood test ; 2001 : police investigation
215. Dominguez Juan-carlos Red card 1998 : blood test ; 2006 : blood test
216. Garcia Marquina David
217. Indurain Prudencio
218. Smetanine Serguei

Red card reports a rider who was sanctioned in a doping case
Yellow card reports a rider pinned in our doping directory but who has not been sanctioned or whose we are not aware of the possible sanction


See also